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STATE OF NEW YORK : 



EMBRACING 

HISTORICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, AND STATISTICAL NOTICES OF CITIES, TOAVNS, 

VILLAGES, INDUSTRIES, AND SUMMER RESORTS IN THE VARIOUS 

PARTS OF THE STATE, TOGETHER WITH A COINIPLETE LIST 

OF THE POST OFFICES, COUNTIES, AND COUNTY 

TOWNS, LAKES, RIVERS, RAILROADS, &c. 




Compiled and Edited by Henry Kollock. 



ILLUSTRATED 
WITH NKARIvY 200 CHOICK KNQRAVINGS. 






\^>r 



PUBLISHED BY '^^"'/^^ OF WASH^**'*, 

HENRY KOLLOCK, 22 VESEY STREET,"" 
NEW Y^ORK CITY. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

General Description of the State op New York, 9-80 

Cities, Towns, and Post Offices, 81-126 

Albany, the Capital City, 127-137 

New York City : 

Early History and General Description, 139-164 

Descriptions of the Principal Cities and Towns : 



Albion, 165 

Amsterdam, 165 

Arcadia, 165 

Auburn, 166 

Barton, 167 

Batavia, 168 

Bath, 169 

Binghamton, 169 

Brookhaven, 170 

Brooklyn, 170 

Buffalo, 176 

Canandaigua, 182 

Canton, 183 

Castleton, 185 

Catskill, 185 

Champlain, 186 

Cohoes, 187 

Corning, 188 

Cortlandt, 188 

Cortlandville, 188 

Deer Park, 188 

Dunkirk, 189 

East Chester, 190 

Edgewater, 190 

Ellicott, 191 

Elmira, 191 

Fishkill, 193 

Flatbush, 194 

Flushing, 194 

Galen, 194 

Geddes, 194 



Geneva, 195 

German Flats, 196 

Gloversville, 196 

Greenburg, 197 

Greenbush, 197 

Haverstraw, 197 

Hector, 198 

Hempstead, 198 

Hoosic, 199 

Hornellsville, 199 

Hudson, 201 

Huntington, 202 

Islip, 203 

Ithaca, 203 

Jamaica, 205 

Jamestown, 205 

Johnstown, 206 

Kingston, 207 

Lansingburg, 208 

Lenox, 208 

Little Falls, 208 

Lockport, 209 

Long Island City, 210 

Lyons, 211 

Malone, 211 

Manlius, 212 

Middletown (Orange County), . . . 212 
" (Richmond County), . 214 

Milo, 214 

Milton, 215 

Minden, 215 



(3) 



CONTENTS. 



Descriptions of the Principal Cities and Towns (Continued) 



Monroe, 216 

Moriah, 216 

Mount Pleasant, 216 

New Brighton, 216 

Newburg, 217 

New Lots, 219 

New Rochelle, 219 

Newtown, 219 

Niagara, 220 

Northfield, 220 

North Hempstead, 220 

Norwich, 220 

Ogdeusburg, 221 

Onondaga, 223 

Orangetown, 223 

Ossining, 223 

Oswego, 223 

Owego, 225 

Oyster Bay, 227 

Peekskill, 227 

Phelps, 228 

Plattsburg, 228 

Port Jervis, 329 

Potsdam, 230 

Poughkeepsie, . . 230 

Queensburg, 232 

List of Counties in the State, 

" Rivers " " 

" Islands " " 

" Lakes " " 



Ridgeway, 232 

Rochester, 233 

Rome, 238 

Rye, 238 

Saratoga Springs, 239 

Saugerties, 241 

Schenectady, 241 

Seneca Falls, 243 

Sing Sing, 244 

Sodus, 245 

Southampton, 245 

Sweden, 247 

Syracuse, 247 

Troy, 249 

Utica, 252 

Volney, 254 

Wallkill, 255 

Warwick, 256 

Watertown, 256 

Watervliet, 256 

Wawarsing, 257 

Westchester, 257 

Westfield, 257 

West Troy, 258 

Whitehall, 258 

Yonkers, 259 

260 

260 

262 

262 



Descriptions of the Principal Summer Resorts 



Adirondack Mountains, 263 

Alexandria Bay, 272 

Au Sable Chasm, 274 

Babylon, L. L, 277 

Bridgehampton, L. L, 277 

Chautauqua Lake, 278 

Cooperstowu, 278 

Havana Glen, 280 

Lake George (Caldwells), .... 281 
Alphabetical list of Railroads, 



Lake Mohonk, 281 

Niagara Falls, 283 

Richfield Springs 286 

Saratoga Springs, 289 

Sharon Springs, 291 

Shelter Island, 292 

Trenton Falls, 292 

Watkins Glen, 300 



303 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 



PAGE 

Adirondacks, 9 

Steamer " Priuce Arthur," descendinoj Lachiue Rapids, St. Lawrence River, . . 11 

Thousaud-Islaud House, Alexandria Bay, 13 

The Tioga Valley, 16 

Seneca Lake Landing, ... 18 

Urbana Wine Cellar, 19 

High Falls, Trenton Falls, N. Y., 20 

In the Adirondacks, 22 

Looking North from Fort William Henry Hotel, Lake George, 23 

Scene on Oswegatchie River, 24 

Prospect INIountain and Lake George, 25 

Swiss Chalet, Watkins Glen, 26 

Glen Eldridge, . 29 

Cayuga Southern Railway, 30 

On Cayuga Lake, 33 

The " Yates " passing Lyndhurst, .• 35 

Bluff Point, Lake Keuka, 36 

The Landing and " Yard Wide " Railway at Hammondsport, 38 

Column Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 39 

New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad — The Starucca Valley, 40 

The Old Chestnut^, 42 

Glenora, 44 

Landings on Cayuga Lake, 45 

British and New York Buildings on the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, . . 46 

Near Taughannock Point, 49 

Pierce's Palace Hotel, Buffalo, 50 

View from Palace Hotel, Buffalo, .... 51 

Harvest Scene in Central New York, 52 

Cellar of the Keuka Wine Company, 53 

Landings on Lake Keuka, ' 55 

Cellar and Vineyards of the Pleasant Valley Wine Company, at Rheims, ... 57 

View towards Havana, from Glen Park Hotel, 58 

Ferry at North Hector, 60 

Glen Park Hotel, Watkins, 61 

Iron Suspension Bridge across Gorge, Watkins Glen, 63 

Magnetic Springs Sanitarium at Havana, 64 

Ithaca Hotel, 65 

On the Mohawk, QQ 

INIaramoth Gorge, Watkins Glen, 69 

Rainbow Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 70 

Watkins from the Glen Park Hotel, 72 

Trenton Falls, 74 

The Old Way, 75 

The Poplars, Lake Waneta, 77 

Cherry Valley, 78 

View of Genesee Falls, near Portage, 79 

(5) 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Railroad Bridge, 80 

Rainbow Falls, Watkins Glen, 82 

Crystal Springs Hotel, 85 

" " Sanitarium, 85 

New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, 88 

Niagara Falls, 88 

Saratoga Lake, 91 

Trenton Falls, 91 

Magee House, Watkins, 94 

Elmira Water Cure, 94 

Franklin House, Geneva, 97 

Geneva Hygienic Institute, 97 

Canandaigua Hotel, 100 

New York State Insane Asylum at Willard, 100 

Sage College — Cornell University, 103 

Cornell University and Chapel, 103 

Cellar and Vineyards of the Seneca Lake Wine Company, at Severne-on-Seneca, 106 

Cottage at Severne-on-Seneca, 109 

Cook Academy, Havana, 109 

Corning Glassworks — Exterior, 112 

The Cutting Department, 112 

In " Rock City," Western Division, Erie Railway, 115 

Camping Out, 118 

Blue Mountain Lake, Adirondacks 118 

Glen Mountain House, 121 

Trenton Falls, 124 

Conhocton River, 124 

View of the Palisades from Yonkers Station, .* 127 

View from Fort Putnam, West Point, 129 

Washington's Headquarters, at Newburg, 131 

Entrance to the Narrows from the South, 133 

Newburgh Bay, 134 

Soldiers' Home, Bath, Erie Railway, 135 

Scene in the Catskill Mountains, 136 

Mountain Trout Stream, 137 

New York from Jersey City, 1 38 

Trinity Church, 139 

First Settlement of New York, 140 

New York in 1664, 141 

Broadway, New York, . . , 142 

Harbor of New York, as seen from the Narrows, 143 

New York "Tribune" Building, 144 

New York Hospital, 145 

The new County Court House, 146 

Treasury Building, 147 

The new St. Patrick's Cathedral, 148 

Free Academy, 149 

The old Post Office, 150 

New York Tenement House, 151 

Fifth Avenue Reservoir, 152 

New York "Tombs." 153 

Cooper Institute, 154 

U. S. Navy Yard, Brooklyn, 155 

AVest Point, 156 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGK 

Bible House, Astor Place, New York, I57 

Music in Ceutral Park, 158 

New York from Jersey City, I59 

Family Picnic, Ceutral Park, IgQ 

Young Men's Christian Association Building, 161 

New York " Times " Building, 162 

Drinking Fountain, 164 

On Chautauqua Lake, 166 

Blue Mountain Lake, 168 

Niagara Falls from Goat Island, 171 

Bridge of the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning Railway, at Dresden, 173 

Delaware and Hudson Canal, 175 

Portal of Palace Hotel, Buffalo, 177 

Niagara Falls, 178 

View in Buffalo Park, 180 

Harvest Scene in Oneida County, 181 

Lake View House, Au Sable Chasm, 183 

Iron Bridge of the Syracuse, Geneva and Corning R. W. Co. over Watkins Glen, 184 

Sylvan Lake, Catskill Mountains, 185 

Lake Champlain, 186 

Lake George, 187 

Five-Mile Point on Otsego Lake, 189 

Cazenovia Lake, 190 

Camping Out in the Adirondacks, 191 

Trenton Falls, 192 

Lake Mohonk, Erie Railway, 193 

Hobart College, Geneva, 195 

Lake Scene in Central New York, 196 

Suspension Bridge, Niagara Falls, 198 

Spring House, 199 

Map of Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Railroad and Connections, 200 

Canadarago Lake — Wionatha Observatory, 201 

Part of High Falls, 202 

Cayuga Lake, 203 

Taughannock Falls, Ithaca, 204 

Ramapo Falls, Erie Railway, 206 

Cascade, 207 

Lockport at Night, 209 

Mt. McGreggor, 210 

Coaling Locomotives at Lyons, 211 

Lake Erie, 213 

Glen Falls, 214 

View from Battery, West Point, 215 

Lake George, 217 

The Narrow Pass, Watkins Glen, 218 

Glen Mountain House, Watkins Glen, 221 

" " 222 

Grand Flume, Au Sable Chasm, 224 

Deer at Lake St. Regis at Night, 226 

Pulpit Fall, Ithaca, 229 

Pulpit Rock, Erie Railway, 231 

Minnehaha Falls, Watkins Glen, 234 

Hector Falls, Seneca Lake, 235 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Pulpit Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 236 

Artist's Dream, Watkins Gleu, 239 

Winter on the Delaware River, 240 

Boat Ride below Table Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 242 

Decker Bros' Piano Manufactory, 243 

Birdseye View from the Pinnacle, Trenton Falls, 244 

Fourteen-Mile Island, 246 

The Basin, Au Sable Chasm, 247 

Hotel Brunswick, Fifth Avenue, New York City, 249 

Under the Fall, Watkins Glen, 250 

In Watkins Glen. — A Disputed Point, 252 

Cat Mountain, Lake George, 253 

The Sentinel and Table Rock, Au Sable Chasm, 254 

In the Boat Ride, Au Sable Chasm, 255 

Cathedral Rocks, " " 257 

The Flume, " " 258 

Fountain, 259 

Section of Map of Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Summer Excursion Routes, . 261 

Calamity Pond Brook, 264 

Driving in Central Park, 265 

266 

Avalanche Lake, 267 

Driving in Central Park, 268 

269 

Rogers' Slide, Lake George, 270 

View from Fourteen Mile Island, • 271 

Drivi"ng in Central Park, 272 

Statue of Franklin, Printing House Square, New York City, 273 

Upper Au Sable Pond, 275 

Hammondsport — From the Lake, 276 

Long Island, Lake George, 279 

Charlier Institute, Central Park, 282 

Niagara Falls, 284 

Old Stone House at Tappan, the Place of Andre's Imprisonment, 287 

Inebriate Asylum, Binghamton, 288 

Washington's Headquarters at Tappan, 290 

American Tract Society, Printing House Square, New York City, 293 

Highlands of the Hudson, 294 

Cayuga Lake Hotel at Sheldrake, 297 

On the Hudson, 298 

Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, 301 

Section of Map of Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Summer Excursion Routes, . 302 
End Piece, 304 



STSTE OF NEW YORK. 




\^1^E of the original 13 States of the American Union, 
and one of the Middle States, situated between lati- 
tude 40° 29' 40" and 50° 0' 42" N., and longitude 71° 
51' and 79° 45' 54" W. ; extreme length east and west, 
412 miles; breadth, varying from 8 or 10 miles on 
Long Island and 181 miles at the west extremity of 
the State to 31 If miles from the Canada boundary 

to the south point of Staten Island ; area, 47,000 square miles. 

It is bounded north and north-west by Lake Ontario and the St. 

LaAvrenee river, and again north by Canada along the parallel 

of 45° from the St. Lawrence to the head of Lake Champlain ; 




ADIRONDACKS. 



10 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



east, by Vermont (separated in jjart by Lake Champlain), Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic ocean; south by the Atlantic, New 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and 
the Niagara river. It is divided into 60 counties, viz. : Albany, 
Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua. Chemung, Che- 
nango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, 
Franklin, Fulton, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, 
Kings, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, 
Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, 
Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, St. Lawrence, Sara- 
toga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Sul- 
livan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Wayne, West- 
chester, Wyoming, and Yates. Albany, the capital, is on the west 
bank of the Hudson river about 140 miles north of New York city ; 
population in 1880, within its present limits, 125,000. The population 
of New York city in 1880, 1,520,000. The other cities of the State, 
with the number of the inhabitants as reported by the Federal census 
of 1880, are: Auburn, 17,225; Binghamton, 12,692; Brooklyn, 
396,099; Buffalo, 117,714; Cohoes, 15,357 ; Elmira, 15,863; Hudson, 
8615 ; Kingston, 22,000 ; Lockport, 12,426 ; Long Island city, 16,000 ; 
Newburg, 17,014; Ogdensburg, 10,076; Oswego, 20,910; Pough- 
keepsie, 20,080 ; Rochester, 62,386 ; Rome, 11,000 ; Schenectady, 
11,026 ; Syracuse, 43,051 ; Troy, 46,465 ; Utica, 28,804 ; Water- 
town, 9336; Yonkers, 16,000. In poiDulation New York surpasses 
every other State in the Union. Under the colonial government the 
number of inhabitants in 1698 was 18,067; in 1703,20,665; 1723, 
40,564; 1731,50,824; 1737,60,437; 1746, 61,589; 1749, 73,348; 
1756, 96,790; 1771, 163,337. The results of the United States 
decennial censuses have been as follows: 1790, 340,120; 1800, 
580,951; 1810,959,040; 1820,1,372,111; 1830, 1,918,608; 1840, 
2,428,921; 1850, 3,097,394; 1860, 3,880,735; 1870, 4,382,750. 
Included in the total of 1860 were 140 Indians, and in that of 
1870, 439 Indians, and 29 Chinese. The population increased from 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



11 




STEAMER " PEINCE ARTHUR," OF ST. LAWRENCE STEAMBOAT CO., DESCENDING 
LACHINE RAPIDS, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. 

1698 to 1771, or during a colonial period of 73 j^ears, 804.06 per 
cent., or at the rate of 11,014 per annum. The increase from 1790 
to 1850, or during a period of 60 years, was 810.67 per cent, or 
1351 per annum; 1840 to 1850, 27.52 per cent, or 2.75 per annum; 
1850 to 1855, 11.91 per cent, or 2.38 per annum; 1855 to 1860, 
11.12 per cent, or 2.22 per annum; 1860 to 1865, 12.61 per cent, 
or 2.52 per annum; 1865 to 1870, 13 per cent, or 2.6 per annum. 
Of the total population in 1870, 2,163,229 were males, and 2,219,530 
females; 3,244,406 were native, and 1,138,853 foreign born. Of the 
natives 2,987,779 were born in the State, 38,851 in Connecticut, 5985 



12 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



in Maine, 41,355 in Massachusetts, 4850 in Michigan, 9211 in New 
Hampshire, 32,408 in New Jersey, 36,170 in Pennsylvania, 6933 in 
Rhode Island, 36,307 in Vermont, and 7070 in Virginia and West 
Virginia. Of the foreigners 79,042 were born in British America, 
110,071 in England, 528,806 in Ireland, 27,282 in Scotland, 7875 in 
Wales, 22,302 in France, 316,902 in Germany, 6426 in Holland, 
5522 in Sweden, 4091 in Poland, 3592 in Italy, 818 in Spain, 1824 in 
Cuba, and 7916 in Switzerland. The density of the population was 
93.26 persons to the square mile. There were 896,772 famihes with 
an average of 4.88 persons to each, and 688,559 dwellii>gs, with an 
average of 6.37 to each, the latter average being larger in New York 
than in any other State. The number of persons from 5 to 18 years 
of age were 1,220,988 ; from 18 to 45, 881,500; male citizens 21 years 
old and upwards, 981,587. There were 163,501 persons 10 years old 
and over that could not read, and 239,271 unable to write, of whom 
70,702 were native, and 168,567 foreign born. Of persons 21 years of 
age and upward, 73,208 white males, and 116,744 white females, and 
3912 colored males, and 4874 colored females, were illiterate. The 
number of j)aupers supported during the year ending June 1st, 1870, 
was 26,152, at a cost of $2,661,358 ; of the total number receiving 
support at that date, 14,100, 5953 were native and 8147 foreign born. 
During the year 5473 persons were convicted of crime ; of the total 
number (4704) in prison June 1st, 1870, 2658 were native, and 2046 
foreigners. The State contained 2213 blind, 1783 deaf and dumb, 
6353 insane, and 2486 idiotic. Of the total population 10 years old 
and over (3,378,959), there were engaged in all occupations 1,491,018, 
of whom 1,233,979 were males, and 257,039 females; in agriculture, 
374,323, of whom 134,563 were laborers, and 232.649 farmers and 
planters ; in professional and personal services, 405,339, including 
5678 clergymen, 155,150 domestic servants, 931 journalists, 139,309 
laborers not specified, 5913 lawyers, 6810 physicians and surgeons, 
and 18,577 teachers not specified; in trade and transportation, 234,- 
581 ; and in manufactures, and mechanical, and mining industries, 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



13 



476.775,, of ^vhich 19,291 were blacksmiths, 24,309 boot and shoe 
makers, 53,046 carpenters and joiners, 11,413 machinists, 16,334 
masons, 26,540 milliners and dressmakers, 18,082 painters and var- 
nishers, 10,192 printers, 3491 ship carpenters, 41,697 tailors, tailor- 
esses, and seamstresses; 11,368 curriers, and tanners, and finishers of 
leather, and 6869 woollen mill operatives. The total number of deaths 
during the year was 69,095, being 1.58 per cent, of the entire popula- 
tion. Chief among the causes of mortality were consumption, from 
which 11,578 persons died ; pneumonia, 5262; and cholera infantum, 
3577 ; there were 6 deaths from all causes to 1 of consumption, and 13.1 













■3^ 



THOUSAND-ISLAND HOUSE, ALEXANDRIA BAY. 



14 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



to 1 from pneumonia. There were 1134 deaths from croup, 1073 from 
measles, 582 from small-pox, 864 from diphtheria, 3403 from scarlet 
fever, 2029 from enteric fever, 2243 from diarrhoea, 1068 from dysen- 
tery, and 1330 from enteritis. Not included in the census are 5140 
Indians of the Six Nations in New York, on eight reservations, 
mainly in the extreme south-west part of the State, of whom 3000 are 
Senecas, and the others Saint Regis, Onondagas, Tuscaroras, Oneidas, 
and Cayugas. They have adopted a civilized life, are intelligent and 
industrious, and are chiefly engaged in agriculture ; 30 schools and 
an orphan asylum are maintained by the State for their benefit. The 
outlines of the State are irregular, only about one-third of the entire 
boundaries consisting of straight lines. The river, lake, and ocean 
boundaries are all navigable waters, except 17i miles on Poultney 
river, and consist of 352 miles on the St. Lawrence, Poultney, Hud- 
son, Kill van Kull, Delaware, and Niagara rivers, and 246 miles on 
Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean; total 879. 

The land boundaries along Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, all made up of straight lines, 
form a total of 541.28 miles. The principal islands belonging to the 
State are the following: in Niagara river, Grand, Squaw, Strawberry, 
Rattlesnake, Tonawanda, Beaver, Buckhorn, Cayuga, and Goat ; in the 
St. Lawrence, Carlton, Grenadier, Fox, Wells, Grindstone, a large 
number of the Thousand Islands, and the Gallup ; in Lake Champlain, 
Valcour, Crab, and Schuyler ; in New York bay, the Atlantic ocean, 
and Long Island sound, Manhattan, Staten, Long, Gardiner's, Shelter, 
Plum, Fisher s, all the islands between Long Island and Connecticut 
to within a few rods of the Connecticut shore. Hart's, Randall's, 
Ward's, Blackwell's, Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis. The last three 
are owned by the General Government, and occupied as military 
posts. New York bay and harbor is deep and capacious enough 
to accommodate all the shipping belonging to and trading with the 
port of New York. The other principal harbors are Dunkirk and 
Buffalo, oil Lake Erie; Tonawanda and Lewiston, on the Niagara 



STATE OF NEW YORK. lo 



river; Genesee, Sodus, Oswego, Sackett's Harbor, and Cape Vincent, 
on Lake Ontario ; Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence ; Rouse's Point, 
Plattsburg, Port Henry, and White Hall, on Lake Champlain ; and 
Sag Harbor, at the east end of Long Island. 

The principal river of the State is the Hudson, which is nav- 
igable to Troy, 151 miles from its mouth. The Mohawk, the 
principal affluent of the Hudson rising in the interior, enters the 
Hudson at Waterford, descending about 500 feet in the entire 
length of 135 miles ; it affords extensive water-power at Little 
Falls and Cohoes. Its principal branches are West and East 
Canada creeks from the north, and Schoharie creek from the 
south. Oswego river, which receives the waters of all the interior 
lakes, from Oneida and Cazenovia on the east to Keuka (formerly 
Crooked) and Canandaigua on the west, furnishes, with its branches 
and tributaries, good water-power at Penn Yan, on Keuka lake 
outlet ; at Waterloo, Seneca Falls, and Baldwinsville, on Seneca 
river ; at Phelps, on Flint creek, and Canandaigua outlet ; at 
Auburn, on Owasco outlet; almost the entire length of Skaneateles 
outlet (the fall being 453 feet in 9 miles) ; and at Cazenovia and 
Chittenango on Chattenango creek ; and at Fulton and Oswego on 
Oswego river. The Allegany, Susquehanna, and DelaAvare, with 
numerous branches, drain the western, central, and eflstern portions 
respectively of the south part of the State, and furnish valuable 
water-power at numerous points. Cattaratigus and Tonawanda creeks 
are also considerable streams in the west, the former furnishing 
important water-power, and the latter affording slackwater navigation 
for the Erie Canal for about 10 miles from its mouth. The other 
principal streams are Buffalo river (formerly creek), flowing into Lake 
Erie ; Oak Orchard creek, Genesee, Salmon, and Black rivers, flowing 
into Lake Ontario ; Oswegatchie, Grasse, and Raquette rivers, 
tributaries of the St. Lawrence ; Chazy, Saranac, and Au Sable 
rivers^ and Wood creek, rapid streams, or mountain torrents flowing 
into Lake Champlain, and furnishing almost unlimited water-power. 



16 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 




Susquehanna river, which rises in 
Otsego lake, and in its course in 
the State receives the waters of Charlotte, Unadilla, and Che- 
nango rivers ; and Chemung river, which drains a portion of 
the State between the Allegany and Susquehanna, and receives 
the waters of Canisteo, Conhocton, and Tioga rivers. The principal 
branches of the Delaware are Popacton and Nevisink rivers. 

The State is noted for the great number of beautiful lakes in the 
interior and north-east parts. The principal of these are Chautauqua 
and Cattaraugus, in the west ; Hemlock, Honeoye, Canadice, and Cone- 
sus, in the Genesee basin, which discharge their waters into Genesee 
river; Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles, 
Cross, Onondaga, Otisco, Cazenovia, and Oneida, in the central part 
of the State, all of wliich find an outlet for their waters through 
Oswego river; Otsego and Schuyler, which empty into the Susque- 
hanna; and George, Schroon, Au Sable, Placid, Avalanche, Colden, 
Henderson, Sandford, Blue Mountain, the Fulton lakes (eight in 
number), Raquette, Beach's, Forked Newcomb, Long, Cranberry, Up- 



STATE OF M:\V VOL'K. 



per Saranac, Lower Saraiiac, Tiipper's, Cliateaugay, Chazy, Rich, 
Pleasant, Peseco, Smith's, Moose, and numerous smaller lakes, in the 
north-east part. Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Onon- 
daga, Skaneateles, Chautauqua, Otsego, and Oneida lakes, and Lake 
George, are all navigable for boats and steamers, and on many of them 
considerable trade is carried on. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain 
are navigable for vessels of all sizes. Seneca lake never freezes, and 
steamers ply upon it throughout the year. 

The scenery of these lakes attracts thousands of pleasure-seekers 
during the summer months. 

The surface of the State is greatly diversified. The topographical 
features are clearly marked in the mountain ranges, and great extent 
of certain outcrops forming escarpments, which extend across the State 
east and west. The range constituting tlie Highlands, on the Hud- 
son, entering the State from New Jersey, extends north-east through 
Rockland, Orange, Putnam, and Dutchess counties. It is composed 
of compact gneissoid and granite rocks. The highest i)oints, varying 
from 1100 to 1700 feet, are Butter Hill, Crow's Nest, and Bear Nose, 
and Breakneck Mountain in Putnam county, and Beacon Hill in 
Dutchess county. This range, in its proper limitation, gradually 
declines north-eastward to Dover Plains, and passes, in low hills, to 
Litchfield county, Connecticut. It has been sometimes regarded as 
a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virainia, but the connection is 
not proved, and its geological relation is distinct from the metamor- 
])hic formations on either side. The Adirondack range is of the same 
geological structure. This range begins in the Mohawk valley, and 
is seen on both sides of it at the Noses, rising in the south 100 feet 
above the level of the river, and again at Little Falls, forming the 
rapids. It extends over the north part of Montgomery and Herki- 
mer counties, the north-east part of Oneida, all of Lewis county east of 
the Black river, "a considerable part of Saratoga, the most of Warren, 
Hamilton county entire, nearly all of Essex, Clinton, and Franklin, 
the greater part of St. Lawrence and mucli of Jefferson. The whole 



18 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




SENECA LAKE LANDING 



constitutes "that compara- 
tively immense and beau- 
tifulh' circumscribed nu- 
cleus, which form a height 
(in Essex county) of near- 
ly 6000 feet, descends with 
great irregularity, and dis- 
appears under the transi- 
tion rocks which encircle 
it, and which border the 
St. Lawrence, the Champlain, the Mohawk, and the Black river." Under 
the patronage of the State, Mr. Verplanck Colvin has been for several 
years engaged in a topographical and trigonometrical survey of some 
portions of this region, and his reports for 1873 and 1874 present many 
new facts. The jiosition and altitude of many mountains and lakes have 
been determined by him. and the lieights of well-known peaks more ac- 
curately measured, giving to Mount Marcy and Mount Mclntyre 5402 
and 5201 feet respectively. Gothic Mountain and Basin Mountain, 
nearly 5000 feet in height, are among those now for the first time de- 
termined. Mounts Dix, Seward, and Santononi are reduced by Mr. 
Colvins measurements to 4916, 4384, and 4494 feet respectively. 




I ^; 



20 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




HIGH lALLS, TKKMON FALLS, N. Y. 

He reports the existence in this region of the moose and beaver, 
though rare and nearly extinct. The bear, panther, and wolf are 
still common, and are trapped for their fur and for State bounty. 
The common deer are plentiful in some sections. A commission of 
State parks, appointed by the legislature, have reported in favor of 
setting apart as a State park from 600 to 3000 square miles of the 
high mountain region of the Adirondacks, embracing Mount Marcy 
and all the great peaks ; the chief object being to preserve the forests 
for their beneficial climatic effects, moderating the spring freshets in 
the Hudson by sheltering the snow from the heat of the sun, shield- 
ing the sources of this river from evaporation, and affording'a healthful 
pleasure-ground . 

The continuation of the Appalachian range i»ropcr in New York 
is seen in the Shawangunk and Catskill mountains ; the former a 
continuation of the Kittatinny and Blue mountains of Pennsylvania, 
the latter of the Allegheny, Broad Top, Laurel Hill, and others. 

This range, entering the State from the south-west, extends north- 



i<TATK OF SKW YoRK. 



(easterly throu^uh Sullivan, Ulster, Delaware, and Greene counties, 
culniinating in the Cat.skills about 8 miles from the Hudson river. 
Several minor ridges pass through the west part of Delaware, 
Eroome, Otsego, and Chenango counties, extending into the south 
])a.rt of Schoharie, and forming a part of the Catskill mountain 
range. - 

Along the eastern boundary of the State is a less defined but 
continuous 1o\y mountain i-ange belonging to the same system, 
entering the State from New Jersey west of the Highlands, there 
forming O'Kunemunk mountain, and extending thence through' 
Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer, and Washington counties, known as 
the Taghkanic range. It is usually regarded as subordinate to the 
Green mountain range. Its highest points are Beacon Hill, and 
Mount Washington in Dutchess county. The Helderberg mountains 
are a northern extension of the formations constituting the base of 
the Catskill mountains. These present a steep escarpment on the 
north and north-east over the Helderberg limestones and Hudson 
river formations, while the higher rounded summits arc of the 
Hamilton group. This escarpment continues more or less distincth 
U) the Niagara river. Spurs of the Alleghenies occupy the south 
part of the western part of the State. 

The water-shed separating the northern and southern drainage of 
Western New York extends in an irregular line through the southerly- 
counties. That ])ortion of the State south of this water-shed, and 
embracing the greater part of the two southerly tiers of counties, 
is almost entirely hilly. The highest summits west of the Susque- 
hanna are in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties, and are 2000 feet 
to 2500 feet above tidewater. North of the water-shed the face of 
the country descends in a series of rolling and smooth terraces 
towards Lake Ontario, the region between the hills of the south 
and the level lands of the north being a beautiful rolling country. 
South of the Highlands the surface is generally level or broken by 
low hills. The river system consists of two general divisions, viz., 




IN THK ADIUONDACKS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



23 



that part drained by the 
great lakes and the St. 
Lawrence, northerly, and 
that part drained by the 
Hudson and other rivers, 
southerly. The water- 
shed between these two 
divisions extends in an 
irregular line from Lake 
Erie eastward through 
the southern tier of 
counties to near the 
north-east corner of Che- 
mnng county, thence 
north-east to the Adiron- 
dack mountains in Es- 
sex county, thence south- 
east to the east extrem- 
ity of Lake George, and 
thence nearly due east to the east line of the State. The northern of 
these divisions consists of five subdivisions or basins, viz. : — the basin 
drained by Lake Erie, Niagara river, and Lake Ontario, west of Genesee 
river ; that of Genesee river and its tributaries ; that of Oswego river 
and its tributaries ; and the small streams flowing into Lake Ontario 
between Genesee and Oswego rivers ; of the St. Lawrence, and the 
streams flowing into Lake Ontario cast of Oswego river; and that 
drained by Lakes George and Champlain. The southern division con- 
sists of four subdivisions, viz. : — the Allegany, the Susquehanna, the 
Delaware, and the Hudson river basins. 

The geological series within the State of New York is very com- 
plete, from the oldest palreozoic rocks to the lower members of the 
carboniferous system inclusive. This series was described by the New 
York geologists as the New York system. The Adirondack region, 




LOOKING NORTH FROJI FORT WILLIAM HENRY HOTEL, 
LAKE GEORGE. • 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



25 



north of the Mohawk, and east of the Black river, comprises the most 
ancient highly crystalline rocks, known as the Laurentian system; 
the lower portions are gneissoid and granitic, and the higher consists 
of labradorite and hypersthene, forming a coarse granitic mass. Ex- 
tensive beds of magnetite traverse the strata parallel to the bedding, 
yielding immense quantities^ of the ore. 

The hypersthene rock forms the great mountain centre of which 
Mounts Marcy and Mclntyre are the culminations. In St. Lawrence 
and Jefferson counties, the prevailing rocks are coarse granite, crys- 
talline limestones, and serpentine, containing vast beds of specular 
iron ore. These rocks are doubtfully of Laurentian age, but their 
relations to other formations have not been determined. The crys- 
talline rocks of this entire area are regularly stratified, and were 
formed anterior to the Potsdam sandstone, which lies against and 
upon their upturned and eroded edges. The Highlands on the 
Hudson are of the same 



age as the Adirondacks, 
and also contain heavy 
beds of magnetite. The 
gneissoid and mica-slate 
formation, which comes 
into the State from the 
south and passes east- 
ward of the Highlands, 
is of more recent age, 
and contains no magne- 
tite. Li New York the 
Potsdam sandstone suc- 
ceeds the Laurentian, 
and appears in a broad 
continuous belt along 
the north and north- 
west slopes of the Adir- 




I'KOSPKtT MOUNTAIN AND LAKE GEORGE. 



26 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




SWISS CHALET, WATKINS CI.EN. 



ondacks, and in interrupted outlines on the east, from Clinton to 
Saratoga counties. Overlying the Potsdam, the calciferous sand- 
stone is co-extensive with it in the north, and extends further 
south. The Taghkanic range, including shales, sandstones, and 
limestones often more or less metamorphic, with beds of hematite, 



STATE OF SEW YORK. 27 



white and variegated marbles, roofing slate, &o., must be considered 
of the same age as the Potsdam and calciferous sandstones and Chazy 
limestones of Lake Champlain. The Trenton group, including 
Birdseye, Black river, and Trenton limestones, occupies much of 
Jefferson county, and, continuing south-east through Lewis and 
Oneida counties, is seen at Trenton Falls, and in the Mohawk valley ; 
thence eastward and northward it encircles at least two-thirds of the 
great Laurentian district. The Utica slate and Hudson river group^ 
extending from near Rondout, form a belt on both sides of the 
Hudson to the bend of Sandy Hill; following the course of the 
Mohawk valley as far as Rome, it diverges north-west through Lewis 
and Oswego counties to Lake Ontario. 

The Shawangunk grit, or conglomerate, containing lead and copper 
ores, extends from the Delaware river to Rondout. where it suddenly 
terminates, and is not again seen in situ, except in Oneida county, 
where it is known as the Oneida conglomerate. 

The gray sandstone of Oswego holds essentially the same position, 
and boulders and pebbles^ of similar conglomerate have been there 
found upon the surface. Southward from the outcrop of the Hudson 
river group the Medina sandstone and Clinton group come in ; the 
thin edge of the latter, beginning in Schoharie county, trends west- 
ward, and extends on both sides of Oneida lake, and thence, witli 
the sandstone, forms a broad belt along the south shore of Lake 
Ontario. 

The belts of fossiliferous iron ore of the Clinton group are exten- 
sively worked in Oneida and Wayne counties, and extend as fir west 
as Monroe-. The limestones of the Niagara group produce the falls 
of the Niagara and the great escarpment of Lewiston and Queenston, 
which, beginning as a terrace in Schoharie county, extends through 
the State and Western Canada. Co-extensive with this formation are 
the water-lime and salt groups ; of small force in Eastern New York, 
they expand in the central part of the State. The salt group is the 
source of all the productive brine-springs and wells, and also of gyp- 



28 ^TATi: OF NEW YORK. 



sum. The water-lime group furnishes nearly all the hydraulic cement. 
Entering the State from the north-west corner of New Jersey, and 
occupying the valley west of the Shawangunk mountain, a series of 
strata of no great prominence reach the Hudson at Rondout, trend 
northward in a low terrace everywhere marked ]»y a limestone crest, 
and extend into Albany county. Here thickening and expanding, 
they constitute the Helderberg formations, separated into u}iper and 
lower by the Oriskany sandstone ; these, surmounted by the Hamilton 
rocks, form the Helderberg mountains. The Hamilton group enters 
the State from the south at Deer Park, approaches the Hudson at 
Kingston, and thence, follownig the base of the Catskills, turns west- 
ward, expanding to a width of several miles, and becoming a highly 
fossiliferous grou}*. The higher beds furnish the flagstones which are 
extensively (quarried and supplied to all the seaboard cities and towns 
of the North. The thicker beds are known as the Hudson river blue- 
stone. The Portage and Chemung groups, the former marked by dark 
shales and flaggy sandstones, the latter Ity olive shales and heavy 
bedded sandstones, form a broad belt, enterinii- the State from Penn- 
sylvania on the Delaware river ; thence, skirting the base and forming 
a considerable portion of the lower part of the Catskill mountains, they 
sweep around them to the north and occupy the vjdleys l)etween them. 
From the Chenango river west these formations cover almost the entire 
width of the two southern ranges of counties, and outcrop on Lake 
Erie, from Eighteen-mile creek to the Pennsylvania line. The Cats- 
kill, or Old Red Sandstone formation, enters the State on the south 
in several belts, trending north-east. The more westerly of these soon 
die out. but the three easterly ones continue into Greene county, and, 
unitinti-. form the Catskill mountains. These belts, which are svn( linals, 
oarrv also outlines of the succeedinir formation, the lowest sandstones 
of the Carboniferous system, forming considerable areas on the higher 
summits of the Catskills and further south. Beyond these lower car- 
boniferous l^eds the geological series in direct succession is not con- 
tinued within the State of New York. The red sandstone ol' the Mid- 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



29 




GLEN ELDKIDGE. 



(He Secondary, or Trias, extends from North-east New Jersey over a 
part of Rockland county, terminating at the Palisades on the Hudson 
and at Haverstraw bay. The Cretaceous formation is known on Long- 
Island. The more recent formations are the Post-Pliocene of the 
Champlain valley, and the Glacial, or water-worn drift, which to a great 
extent overspreads the older formations. The mineral springs of Sara- 
toga and Ballston rise from a line of fault which brings the Hudson 
river slates against the calciferous sandstone and limestones above. 
The sulphur springs of Sharon, &c., rise from the upper part of the 
Onondaga salt group. In Western New York the sandstones are bitu- 



30 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




o*. 



minous. and in several of the coun- 
ties petroleum issues with the 
water of the springs, and carburet- 
ed hydrogen rises from fissures in 
the rocks or through standing or 
running water. The rock forma- 
tions, from the Potsdam sandstone 
up, which have been named, with 
^-^ tlieir various subdi- 
visions, constitute 
what is called, the 
New York system. 






THE CAYUGA SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 

and with the carboniferous group 
complete the Appalachian system. 
Though the whole series is found 
in Pennsylvania, the formations 
})elow the carboniferous are more 
fully developed in New York, and 
jire especir.lly richer in fossils. In 
this State they have been studied to 
the best advantage, and are gener- 
ally known by the names given to 
them by the New York geologists. 






ys3>. 



IT^ 



STATi: OF XFW YOJIK. 31 



Many of the groups are in great part made up of limestones, and 
even among the shales and slates of the others calcareous strata are of 
frequent occurrence. The effect of this wide distribution of calcareous 
matter has been to insure a general fertility of soil, and to give to Xew 
York a liigh position among the agricultural States of the Union. 
Somewhat more than half of the total area of the State is under culti- 
vation. In the northern counties, and the highland regions, along the 
south border, au<I on the Hudson, stock and sheep raising and dairy 
farming are the almost exclusive agricultural pursuits ; while the low 
lands that form the greater part of the surflice of the western j)ortion 
of the State are best adapted to grain growing. Broom-corn has long 
been the staple crop of the Mohawk Aalley intervales ; tobacco is 
extensively raised in the Chemung A'alley, and parts of Onondaga and 
Wayne counties ; hops are a leading product of Madison, Oneida, 
Otsego, and Schoharie counties ; grapes are successfully cultivated in the 
Aalley of the Hudson below the Highlands, on the north shore of Long 
Island, and in all the lake ^'alleys in the central part of the State ; maple 
sugar is an important product of the northern and central portions ; 
and fruits, particularly apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and straw- 
berries, are grown in the western counties north of the water-shed. 

Large tracts in the vicinity of New York city are devoted to market 
gardens, and to furnish the city Avith milk. 

The climate possesses a wider range than that of an}' other State 
in the Union. Those portions affected by the Avinds from the ocean, 
sound, and lakes are more even in temperature, and suffer less seA^erely 
from late and early frosts than more inland districts in the same lati- 
tude. The mean temperature of the State, as determined from obser- 
A'ations made at 58 meteorological stations, for periods ranging from 
1 to 25 years, is 46.490. The mean length of the season of vege- 
tation, from tlie first blooming of apples to the first killing frost, 
is 174 days; Avhile on Long Island it is 12? days longer, and in St. 
LaAvrence county 22 days shorter. The mean annual fall of rain and 
BUOAV is about 40.93 inches. 



32 STATU OF XJ'JW YORK. 



The most noted waterfalls in the State are Niagara Falls, in Niagara 
river, 2900 feet wide, and 164 feet high; the falls of Genesee 
river; Trenton Falls, in West Canada creek, Herkimer county, con- 
sistinsr of five cascades with a total fall of 200 feet in t of a mile ; 

o 

Taughannock Falls, Tompkins county, 230 feet ; Chittenango Falls, in 
Chittenango creek, Madison county. 130 feet; Lyon's Falls, in Black 
river. Lewis county, flowing down an inclined plane 63 feet at an angle 
of 00° ; Kaaterskill Falls, Greene county, consisting of two falls 180 
and 80 feet; Bas-bish Fnlls, Columbia county (partly in Massachusetts), 
a succession of falls in a deep ravine, the total fall in 1 mile being 
about 700 feet ; Baker's Falls, Washington county, a succession of falls 
and rapids, having a, total descent of 76 feet in 60 rods ; Cohoes Fall, in 
the Mohawk near its mouth, with a total fall, including rapids, of 103 
feet ; Glenn's Falls, Warren county, 50 feet ; High Falls, in the Hudson. 
Warren county, 60 feet; High Falls, Ulster county, 50 feet; the Au 
Sable Falls, in Wilmington, Essex county, 100 feet; Enfield Falls, Tomp- 
kins county, consisting of a series of cascades with a total fall of 230 
feet ; Buttermilk Falls, Genesee county, 90 feet ; and the falls in Fall 
creek, Tompkins county, consisting of five cascades with a total descent 
of over 500 feet in 1 mile. Watkins Glen, near the head of Seneca 
lake, is a deep narrow ravine about 3 miles long, having perpendicular 
walls in some places 200 feet high. Its annual visitors number monj 
than 50,000; Havana Glen, 3 2 miles distant, is similar to it. Within 
a radius of 10 miles from Ithaca are numerous picturesque ravines and 
waterfalls. Upon Stone Bridge creek, AVarren county, is a natural 
bridge 40 feet hiiili, 80 feet broad, and 217 feet long. 

The principal mineral and medicinal si)rings are the Salt Springs )f 
Onondaga county ; Saratoga Springs ; New Lebanon and Stockport, 
Coluniljia county ; Massena, St. Lawrence county ; Richfield, Otsego 
county; Avon, Livingston county; Clifton, Ontario county; Sharon, 
Schoharie county; Chittenango, Madison county; and Alabama, 
Genesee county. 

The '' Lake Ridae." the shore line of the ancient lake, is a beach- 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




ON CAYUGA LAKE. 



like ridge from 4 to 8 miles south from Lake Ontario, and rising from 
5 to UO feet above the general surface, extending from near the 
Niagara river to Sodus, Wayne county ; thence, with many interrup- 
tions, its line may be traced to the St. Lawrence near its point of 
egress from the lake. 

In many respects New York is the leading agricultural State of 
the Union. According to the census of 1870, the area of farm lands 
was greater than in any other State except Illinois ; they were valued 
at upwards of $118,000,000 more than those of any other State, 
and yielded during the year, $13,000,000 more. In several of the 
Western and Southern States, the yield of wheat and Indian corn 
was greater, but New York produced more than one-fifth of all the 
hay raised in the United States, more than one-third of the buck- 
wheat, and 17,558,681 pounds of the entire growth (25,456,669 
pounds) of hops. The State ranked first in the production of peas, 



34 STATE OF XEW YORK. 



beans, and potatoes, as well as in the value of the produce of market 
gardens, orchards, and forests ; next to Ohio in flax, Pennsylvania 
in rye, California in barley, Vermont in maple sugar, Illinois and 
Pennsylvania in oats, and Ohio and California in the amount of 
wool, and the number of sheep. In dairy products the prominence 
of New York is specially marked. In 1870 there were on farms 
8,935,332 milch cows in the United States, of which 1,350,061 
were in New York. The dairy products of the whole country were 
514,092,683 pounds of butter, 53,492,153 of cheese, and 235,500,509 
gallons of milk sold; of New York, 107,147,526 pounds of butter, 
22,769,964 of cheese, and 135,775,919 gallons of milk sold. The factories 
of the United States produced 109,435,229 pounds of cheese, valued, with 
other products, at $16,771,565, of which 78,006,048 pounds, valued 
at $12,164,065, were the product of New York. The great dairy 
counties of the State are St. Lawrence, Delaware, Chenango, 
Chautauqua, Jefferson, and Orange. 

In 1870 there were on farms 15,627,206 acres of improved land, 
5,679,870 of woodland, and 883,734 of other unimproved land. The 
number of farms was 216,253, averaging 103 acres ; 13,066 containing 
from 3 to 10 acres each; 18,145 from 10 to 20 acres each ; 54,881 
from 20 to 50 acres each; 73,956 from 50 to 100 each; 55,978 from 
100 to 500 acres each; 209 from 500 to 1000 acres each, and 36 
over 1000 acres each. 

The cash value of farms was $1,272,857,776, farming implements 
and machinery, $45,997,712 ; total amount of wages paid during the 
year, including value of board, $34,451,362. The agricultural produc- 
tions of New York in 1873, and the number and value of live stock on 
farms January 1st, 1874, as reported by the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, were as follows : — 

Indian corn, 17,692,000 bushels, valued at $72,384,400; wheat, 
7,047,000 bushels, valued at $11,275,200; rye, 1,853,000 bushels, val- 
ued at $1,593,580 ; oats, 27,548,000 bushels, valued at $11,845,640 ; 
barley, 5,876,000 bushels, valued at $6,468,600; buckwheat, 2,947,- 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



35 



000 bushels, valued at $2,269,190; potatoes, 24,925,000 bushels, val- 
ued at $13,458,500; tobacco, 2,950,000 pounds, valued at $324,500 ; 
hay, 4,188,900 tons, valued at $73,596,400 ; horses, 659,900, num- 
ber, valued at $62,732,385; mules, 18,900, number, valued at $2,- 
328,102 ; oxen and other cattle, 683,600, number, valued at $19,742,- 
368 ; milch cows, 1,410,600, number, valued at $43,023,300 ; sheep, 
2,037,200, number, valued at $6,844,992; hogs, 651,500, number, 
valued at $5,036,095. 

In 1870 the total estimated value of all farm productions, includ- 
ing betterments and additions to stock, was $253,526,153 ; products 
of orchards, $8,347,417; of market-gardens, $3,432,354; of forests, 
$6,689,179 ; of home manufactures, $1,621,621 ; of animals slaugh- 
tered, or sold for slaughter, $28,225,720. The productions were 




tHE "YATES" PASSING LYNDHUKfeT. 



STATE OF NEW YOJIK. 37 



1,834,330 bushels of spring, «ind 10,344,132 of winter, wheat; 
2,478,125 of rye; 1G,4G2,825 of Indian corn; 35,293,625 of 
oats; 7,434,621 of barley; 3,904,030 of buckwheat; 1,152,541 of 
jjeas and beans; 28,547,593 of Irish, and 10,656 of sweet, potatoes; 
98,837 of clover, and 57,225 of grass, seed; 92,519 of flaxseed; and 
5,614,205 tons of hay; 2,349,798 pounds of tobacco; 10,599,225 of 
wool; 3,670,818 of flax; 6,692,400 of maple sugar; 860,286 of 
lioney ; 86,333 of wax; 82,607 gallons of wine; and 7832 of sor- 
ghum, and 46,048 of maple, molasses. 

There were on flirms 536,861 horses, 4407 mules and asses, 
1,350,661 milch cows, 64,141 oxen, 630,522 other cattle, 2,181,260 
sheep, and 581,632 swine. The value of live-stock was $175,882,712. 
There were 319,380 horses not on farms, and 40,906 neat cattle not 
on farms. According to the census of 1870, more than one-sixth of 
iill the capital invested in manufactures in the United States was 
employed in New York, and more than a sixth of the value of the 
entire products of the country was the result of New York industry. 
In the State ranking next, Pennsylvania, nearly $40,000,000 more 
eapital was invested than in New York, but the products of the latter 
State were valued at upwards of $72,000,000 more than those of the 
former. The capital has increased from $99,904,405 in 1850, to 
$172,895,652 in 1860, and $366,944,320 in 1870; and the total value 
ef products from $227,597,249 in 1850, to $378,870,939 in 1860, and 
1785,194,651 in 1870. 

In the last-named year the total number of establishments was 
36,206, using 4664 steam-engines, of 126,480 horse-power, and 9011 
water-wheels, of 208,644 horse-power, and employing 351,880 hands, 
of whom 267,748 were males above sixteen, 63,795 females above 
fifteen, and 20,675 youths. The materials used amounted to 
1452,065,325 ; wages paid, $142,466,355. 

Not included in the above results for 1870 are the statistics of mining 
and f|uarrying, in which industries 5177 hands were employed, $4,672,- 
■820 capital invested, and $4,322,860 Avorth of products obtained ; in- 



38 



STATE OF SEW YORK. 




THE LANDING, AND " YARD-WIDE " RAIL- 
WAY, AT HAMMONDSPORT. 

eluding 525,493 tons of iron 
ore, valued at $2,963,486, and $1,832,365 worth of stone; and those of 
fisheries, in which the products amounted to $285,750. The most ex- 
tensive iron mines are in Essex, Dutchess, Clinton, and Orange coun- 
ties. The greater portion of the stone was quarried in Ulster county, 
though a large amount of marble was produced in Westchester county. 
In Onondaga county are the most extensive salt works in the United 
States. They are owned and managed by the State, which derived 
from this source in 1873 a net revenue of $15,130. The works in 
operation have an annual productive capacity of 10,700,000 bushels ; 
7,450,257 bushels were inspected in 1873, and 6,594,194 in 1874. 

For commercial purposes the State is divided into the following 
10 United States customs districts, of which the ports of entry bear 
the same name, unless otherwise specified : — 

Buffalo Creek, Cape Vincent, Champlain (port of entry Plattsburg), 
Dunkirk, Genesee (Rochester), New York, Niagara (Suspension Bridge), 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



39 



Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), Oswego, and Sag Harbor. In the district 
of NeAv York, Albany, Esopus, Hudson, Kinderhook, Newbnrgh, New 
Windsor, Port Jefferson, Ponghkeepsie, Rhinebeck Landing, and Troy 
are ports of delivery. 

Details of the commerce of the port of New York are given in the 
article on that city. The only district in which vessels were reported 
to be engaged in the fisheries was that of Sag Harbor, where in 1873, 
128 were employed in the cod and mackerel fisheries, and 1 in the 
whale fishery ; 7 vessels entered and 9 cleared in the general fisheries. 
Within the past few years the State commissioners of fisheries have 
taken measures to stock the internal waters of the State with varie- 
ties of edible fish. A 
State hatching house 
is maintained at Cal- 
edonia, Livingston 
county, and there is 
an extensive shad 
nursery in the Plud- 
son, about ten miles 
below Albany. 

The first railroad 
in New York, the 
Mohawk and Hud- 
son (from Albany to 
Schenectady), 17 
miles long, was 
opened 1831. 
the following 



Saratoga 



111 
year 
and 
21 



the 

Schenectady, 
miles, and 1 mile of 
the New York and 
Harlem was opened. 




AU SABLE CHASM.— COLUMN F.OCK. 




NEW YORK, LAKE EKlE AND AVESTERN RAILROAD.— THE STARUCCA VALLEY. 



STATE OF NJ-J]V YORK. 41 



The mileage of the State had increased to 719 miles in 1845, 2444 in 
1855, 2709 in 1865, 3829 in 1870, 9772 in 1873, and 5178 in 1874. 

There are stringent laws concerning the formation and continuance 
of railroad corporations, and strict regulations as to the protection of 
passengers. Each corporation is required to make an annual report 
under oath to the State engineer and surveyor, giving details as to the 
condition and transactions of the company ; and this officer reports 
annually to the legislature. The chief items relating to all the corpo- 
rations in the State in 1874 are shown in the following statement, in 
which the figures, except the mileage specified for Xew York, are not 
limited to the State, but apply to the entire corporations : — 

Miles of entire main track and branches, 8552 ; of double track and 
sidings, 8956 ; total track mileage, 12,508 ; miles of main line and 
branches exclusive of second tracks and sidings completed in New 
York, 5178; capital stock authorized, $611,298,870; capital stock 
paid in, $202,365,070; funded, debt, $291,681,017; floating debt, 
130,801,657; total stock and debt, $724,847,745 ; cost of equipment 
and construction, $598,543,930; total annual expenses, $66,087,974 ; 
total annual earnings, $97,951,073 ; net annual earnings, $31,863,099. 

The two most extensive railroad corporations are the Erie, and the 
New York Central and Hudson River. The former, chartered in 1832, 
was opened from Piermont to Goshen in 1841, to Binghamton in 1848, 
to Elmira in 1849, to Corning in 1850, and to Dunkirk in 1851. The 
eastern terminus was subsequently extended to Jersey City. More 
than 1000 miles of railroad are operated by this company, whose 
earnings in 1873 exceeded $20,000,000. The New York Central and 
Hudson River Railroad is a consolidation of numerous lines. It was 
completed from Albany to Buffalo in 1841, and from New York to 
Albany in 1851. About 800 miles of road are owned and leased by 
the company; the total earnings in 1873 were about $29,000,000. 

The canals of New York are a highly important feature in its 
commercial facilities. The Erie Canal, connecting Lake Erie with 
the Hudson river, affords a continuous water channel through which 



42 



>ST.l TE OF XE ]V YORK. 




THE OLD CHESTNUT. 



the produce of the Western States and Canada may reach the port of 
New York, while the several canals traversing the State from north 
to south supply transportation facilities to the interior of New 
York and Pennsylvania. The canals and navigable feeders owned 
by the State aggregate 857 miles in length, and the ri^er and other 
improvements, exclusive of lakes, which have been completed, increase 
the length of the artificial system of navigable waters to 907 miles. 
The general superintendence of the canals is vested in three com- 
missioners elected for three years, who have charge of the con- 
struction of new, and the repairs of the old canals. The State 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 43 



engineer and surveyor inspects the canals and performs other duties, 
while the canal board, composed of the lieutenant-governor, comp- 
troller, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general, state 
engineer and surveyor, and the canal commissioners, fix the rates 
of toll with the concurrence of the legislature, appoint officers, &c., 
&c. The amount of freight transported on all the State canals 
during 1874 was 5,804,588 tons, valued at 1196,674,322, including 
products of the forest, valued at $17,840,356 ; agricultural products, 
$54,344,898; manufactures, $7,094,531; merchandise, $64,477,540; 
and other articles, $42,916,997. 

The total quantity of freight carried by the canals was nearly 
half as great as that transported by the Erie and J^ew York Central 
Railroads. 

The amount of freight brought to the Hudson river by the Erie 
and Champlain Canals was 3,223,112 tons, valued at $107,976,476; 
1,709,816 tons of freight worth $71,294,867 were brought by canal 
boats direct to New York City. The number of boats arrived at 
and cleared from New York, Albany, and Troy were 30,806. 

Until 1874 the legislature was prohibited b}^ the Constitution 
from selling or leasing any of the State canals, but in that year 
an amendment was adopted removing the restriction except in the 
case of the Erie, Oswego, Champlain, and Cayuga and Seneca Canals. 
Besides the State canals there are belonging to corporations, the 
Delaware and Hudson Canal, extending from Honesdale, Pennsylvania, 
to Eddyville, near Rondout, 108 miles, of which 83 are in New York, 
and affording communication between the Delaware and Hudson 
rivers ; and the Junction Canal, which extends from Elmira to the 
Pennsylvania State line, 18 miles. 

The total tolls and miscellaneous receipts of all the canals from 
1836 to the close of 1874 amounted to $115,318,504, and the 
expenses of collection and repairs to $38,791,685, leaving a surplus 
revenue for that period of $76,526,819. In 1874 the tolls amounted 
to $2,921,721, and the disbursements to $2,696,357, including 



44 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




11,197,716 for ordinary repairs, and $1,398,640 for extraordinary 
repairs and new work. The total canal revenne from all sources 
other than taxation was $2,947,972. 

For thirty years following 1818 the laws of New York restricted 
the hanking- business to companies or institutions chartered by 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



45 



SCHUYLER 



special law. This was followed by the 
"free banking" system, which was based 
on the deposit of securities with redemp- 
tion at a fixed rate of discount. State 
and savings banks are required to report 
to the superintendent of the banking de- 
partment, the former quarterly, and the 
latter semi-annually. 

Three examiners are constantly pass- 
ing through the State inspecting banks. 

The superintendent reports annually 
to the legislature. 

In October, 1874, 81 banks were doing 
business under the laws of the State. 
The amount of circulation outstanding, 
including that of 41 incorporated banks 
and of banking associations and individ- 
ual bankers, was $1,165,189, of which 
1367,438 was secured. 

The number of National banks on November 1st, 1874, was 276, 
with a paid-in capital of $108,339,671 ; bonds on deposit, $64,963,050; 
outstanding circulation, $59,929,049. 

The circulation per capita was $13.53 ; ratio of circulation to the 
wealth of the State, 9 per cent. ; to bank capital, 54.7. The total num- 
ber of savings banks on January 1st, 1874, was 155, with 822,642 de- 
positors, and deposits aggregating $285,520,085 ; average to each de- 
positor, $340.12; resources, $307,589,730; liabilities, $285,140,778 ; 
surplus assets, $21,448,952. 

Insurance companies are subject to rigid inspection by the superin- 
tendent of the insurance department, who reports annually to the 
legislature. At the beginning of 1875 the insurance corporations of New 
York held more than $500,000,000 assets, while their risks exceeded 
$8,000,000,000. The assets of the fire and marine and of the marine 




LANDINGS ON CAYUGA LAKE. 



46 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




BRITISH AND NEW YORK BUILDINGS ON THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS, PHILAUELPUIA. 



companies doing business in the State were returned at $160, 133,- 
455, and of life and casualty companies at $327,281,896 ; the amount 
insured by the former was $6,313,967,008, and by the latter, $1,997,- 
236,230. 

There were 218 fire and marine and 50 life and casualty insurance 
companies doing business in the State; 119 of the former and 23 of 
the latter were New York companies. 

The Constitution of New York gives the right of suffrage to every 
male citizen of the age of twenty-one years who shall have been a 
citizen ten days and an inhabitant of the State one year next preceding 
the election, a resident of the county four months, and of the election 
district thirty days. The general State election is held annually on the 
first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



47 



The legislature consists of a Senate of 32 members elected for two 
years, and an Assembly of 128 members chosen for one year. An ap- 
portionment of Assembly and Senate districts is made decennially im- 
mediately after the State census, the latest being in 1805. Under the 
constitutional amendments of 1874 each member of the legislature re- 
ceives $1500 a year (previously $3 a day for a session limited to one 
hundred days) and ten cents a mile for travel once to and from the 
capital. 

No one is eligible as a member who at the time of election or within 
one hundred days next preceding it, was a member of Congress, a civil 
or military officer under the United States, or an officer under any city 
government. 

The legislature meets annually on the first Tuesday in January. 

Special legislation is restricted by the Constitution. The governor 
" (annual salary $10,000 and residence) and lieutenant-governor ($5000) 
are to be elected from 1876 for three years (the term having been 
previously, since 1821, two years). 

The secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, and state engi- 
neer and surveyor are chosen (in even years) for two years. The 
treasurer may be suspended from office by the governor during the 
recess of the legislature. 

Members of the legislature, and all elective officers, executive and 
judicial, except specified inferior officers, are required, before entering 
upon their official duties, to make oath or affirmation that they have 
not been guilty of bribery at the election at which they were chosen. 

A majority of the Assembly may impeach. The court of impeach- 
ment is composed of the Senate and the judges of the Court of Ap- 
peals. The highest judicial tribunal of the State is the Court of 
Appeals, which has only appellate jurisdiction in the case of judg- 
ments and certain orders from the General Term of the Supreme Court, 
the Superior Courts of the cities of New York and Buffiilo, the New 
York Court of Common Pleas, and the City Court of Brooklyn. It 
consists of a chief (salary $7500 and $2000 for expenses) and six 



48 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



associate justices ($7000 each and $2000 for expenses), and is in 
session in Albany the greater portion of the year. The Commission 
of Appeals, composed of five judges, was organized under a constitu- 
tional amendment of 1869 for the hearing of cases that had accumu- 
lated in the Court of Appeals ; the former is subsidiary to the latter, 
and temporary. 

There are thirty-three justices of the Supreme Court, four in each 
of the eight judicial districts, except the first, comprising the city 
and county of N^ew York, in which the number is five. The Supreme 
Court has general original jurisdiction. Special terms and circuits are 
held by one justice, the former without and the latter with a jury. 
General terms are held in each of the former departments into which 
the State is divided for this purpose by a presiding and two associate 
justices designated by the governor, the concurrence of two being 
necessary to a decision. 

Its jurisdiction is appellate, appeals being made from the special 
term and circuits, from judgments entered by the court on referees' 
reports, from judgments of county courts and mayors' and recorders' 
courts, and from certain orders. 

A county court is held in each county, except that of New York. 
In some counties the people elect a surrogate, who has jurisdiction 
of probate matters ; where such special courts have not been provided, 
the county judge performs surrogate duties. 

Criminal jurisdiction is exercised by Courts of Oyer and Terminer, 
composed, except in the city of New York, of a justice of the Supreme 
Court, a county judge, and two justices of the peace; Courts of Ses- 
sions, comprising a county judge and two justices of the peace ; Courts 
of Special Sessions, and Police Courts held by a single justice. Besides 
the above, there are Mayors' and Recorders' Courts of cities, and Jus- 
tices' Courts, a City Court in Brooklyn, and a Superior Court in Buffalo. 

Several courts peculiar to the city and county of New York are 
described in the article on that city. 

The judges of the various courts are elected by the people, those of 



STATE OF NEW YoUK. 



49 




KEAR TATJGHANNOCK POINT. 



the court of Appeals and Sui)reme Court for fourteen, of county courts 
for six, and justices of the peace for four years. 

Sheriffs, county clerks, coroners, and district attorneys are chosen 
by the people. 

There are 3 districts, northern, eastern, and southern, for holding 
United States courts. Sessions are held in New York city for the 
southern, in Brooklyn for the eastern, and in Albany, Utica, Canan- 
daigua, Rochester, and Buffalo, for the northern district. 

The organized State militia, called the National Guard, comprises 
23,360 men, classified in 8 divisions and 20 brigades, viz. : 1 regiment, 
1 battalion, and 9 troops of cavalry ; 12 batteries of artillery, and 31 
regiments of infantry. 

The State exercises a strict supervision over corporations, espe- 
cially those which are fiduciary or involve extensive financial interests. 
Corporations, except municipal, must be formed under general laws. 



50 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




PIERCE'S PALACE UOIKL, LiUl-'FALO. 

Railroad, banking, and insurance corporations are subject to the inspec- 
tion of special departments, to which sworn reports must be made, and 
by which reports are annually made to the legislature and published. 
A married woman may hold to her separate use real and personal 
property if acquired from any other person than her husband, and may 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



51 



convey and devise it; slie may also carry on business on ]i«'r own 
account, and sue and be sued. Neither license, magistrate, nor min- 
ister is necessary to a valid marriage contract ; it has even been held 
that the agreement of tlie parties constitutes legal marriage. 

The sole ground of divorce occurring after marriage is adultery ; at 
the time of marriage, impotence, idiocy, or lunacy, and consent obtained 
by force or fraud. 

The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent.; usurious contracts are void ; 
taking usury is a misdemeanor ; and corporations can not interpose the 
defense of usury. 

New York is represented in Congress by 2 Senators and 33 Repre- 
sentatives, and has therefore 35 votes in the electoral college. 

The State debt, with the unapplied balances of the sinking funds, 
September 30th, 1874, was as follows : General fund, $3,988,526 ; 
contingent fund, $68,000; canal fund, $10,236,480; bounty fund, 
$15,912,500. The only contingent debt of the State is $68,000 incur- 
red for the Long Island Railroad, the interest of which is paid, and the 
payment of the principal provided for by that company. The condition 




V11:,W FKOM THE PALACE HOTEL, BUFFALO. 



tT" I'' 1." ^ 




STATE nr XE]V YOIIK. 



53 




CELLAR OF THE KEUKA WIXE COMPANY. 



of the several trust funds of September oOtli. 1874, is shown in the 
following statement: — School fund, $3,054,772 ; Literatnre fund, $271,- 
980; United States Deposit fund, $4,014,520 ; College Land Scrip fund, 
$473,402 ; Cornell Endowment fund, $128,596 ; Elmira Female College 
fund, $50,000; Long Island Railroad fund, $32,823; Trust for Payment 
of Bounties, $20,830. The total receipts into the treasury on account 
of all the funds for the year ending Septeml)er 30th, 1874, were 
$26,465,370. and the payments, $19,636,308. Among the ordinary 
public expenditures were: Executive department, $31,255: legislative, 
$289,991 ; judiciary, $400,578 ; public offices, salaries, clerk hire and 
expenses, $301,734; printing for the State, $181,131; military, 
$356,159 ; educational, including common, normal, and Indian schools, 
academies, &c., $3,278,858 : State prisons, including transportation of 
convicts, $967,930; support of deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and 
idiotic, $338,852; quarantine, $213,483. 

The statute re([uires real and personal estate to be assessed for 
taxation "at the full, true value thereof;" l)ut it is maintained by high 
authority that not more than one-third in value of the property liable 



54 STATE OF NEW YORK. 

to taxation is placed upon the assessment rolls. The aggregate taxa- 
tion of 1874 included State tax, $13,015,847; school, $2,711,634; 
county, $32,118,578; and town, $9,964,321. 

The rate of the State general tax was 7i mills; school, li ; general 
purposes 1 1 ; general purposes (deficiency), joV ; hounty debt, 2 ; new 
capitol, I ; asylums and reformatories, iV; canal floating debt, -jV; ^lew 
work on canals and extra repairs, I ; for payments of awards by canal 
appraisers and commissioners, and certain certificates of indebtedness, 
3^. The total amount produced by this rate was $15,727,481. 

All the charitable, eleemosynary, correctional, and reformatory insti- 
tutions of tlie State, except prisons, whether receiA^ing State aid, or 
maintained liy municipalities or otherwise, are subject to the inspection 
i)r the State Board of Charities, composed of eleven members appointed 
by the governor witli the consent of the Senate, besides the lieutenant- 
governor, secretary of state, comptroller, attorney-general, and State 
commissioners in lunacy, all of whom serve without pay. 

The board reports annually to the legislature concerning the A^arious 
institutions visited by them, Avhicli embrace the State, local, incorpo- 
rated, and private charities for the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, idiotic, 
inebriates, juvenile delinquents, orphans, paupers, &c. The number of 
insane in New York on January 1st, 1872, Avas reported at 6775, 
of whom 1093 were in the State and 312 in priA'ate institutions, 2233 
in city asylums and almshouses, 1319 in county asylums and i)00i-- 
bouses, 75 in tlie Aul)urn Asylum for Insane Criminals, 161 in the 
institutions of other States, and 1582 in the custody of friends. In 
1874, $102,234 Avas paid by the State for the maintenance of insane 
persons, besides large appropriations for buildings, &c. 

There are 5 State institutions for the treatment of this class, of 
Avhich the oldest is the Lunatic Asylum in Utica, oi)ened in 1843, and 
having accommodations for al)out 600. Acute cases are chiefly treated 
here, Avhile the chronic insane are rcceiA'ed into the Willard Asylum. 
( jicned at Ovid, Seneca county, in 1869, Avliich, Avith projected im- 
]>r(»vements, Avill accommodatt^ 1000. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



55 



YATES 



SCHUYLER. 



The Hudson River Hospital for the in- 
sane in Poiighkeepsie, the State Asyhim 
at Buflflilo, and the Homoeopathic Asy- 
lum at Middletown, are all State institu- 
tions. The cost of each of the two form- 
er is 13,000,000 ; when completed each 
will accommodate 600 patients. The 
institution at Middletown is smaller. 

On September 30th, 1874, there were 
1719 patients, 590 being in the Utica 
Asylum. 879 in the Willard, 212 in 
that at Poughkeepsie, and 38 in that 
of Middletown. 

There is also a State institution on 
Ward's Island, New^ York city, for in- 
sane immigrants. 

In addition to these there are two city 
institutions in New York city. Bring- 
ham Hall, at Canandaigua, Marshall In- 
firmary, in Troy, the Providence Lunatic Asylum (Roman Catholic), at 
Buffalo, and the Asylum at Bloomingdale, all of w^hich are incorporated, 
and Sanford Hall, Flushing, the home for nervous diseases at Fishkill, 
and the home for insane and nervous invalids at Pleasantville, which 
are private. The Bloomingdale Asylum is one of the oldest institutions 
of the kind in the United States, having been opened in 1821, 
and has a wide reputation for the excellence of its management. 
Any person or association is prohibited by law from establishing 
or keeping an institution of any kind for the reception of per- 
sons of unsound .mind, without license from the board of state 
charities. 

The whole number treated in the incorporated and private asylums 
of the State in 1873, not including the two New York city in- 
stitutions, was 732, of whom 449 remained January 1st, 1874. 




LANDINGS ON LAKE KEUKA. 



56 



STATK OF Nf:W YORK. 



The state Asylum for Idiots, in Syracuse, -was established in 1851 as 
an educational, and not a custodian institution. It has accommodation 
for 230 pupils; the indigent are received fn>e of charge. The daily 
average number of pupils in 1873 was ITS, of Avhom 154 were sup- 
ported by the State at a cost of $13,000. 

The blind are instructed at the State Asylum in Batavia, opened 
in 18G7, and the New York Institution for the Blind (incorporated) 
in ISIew York city, founded in 1831. The former has accommodations 
for 150, and the latter for 225 pupils. 

The New Y^ork Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 
in New York city, is maintained chiefly by the State. It is the largest 
of the kind in the world, having a capacity for 550 pupils, and, exc<!pt- 
ino- the American Asylum at Hartford, the oldest in the United States. 
having been opened in 1818. Its plan comprises an educational and 
industrial department. 

All indigent deaf-mutes between tlie ages of six and twenty-fivt> 
are received free of charge. At the close of 1874 there were 30 
instructors and 581 pupils, of whom 355 were beneficiaries of the 
State, 1G2 of counties, and 47 of New Jersey, the remainder being- 
maintained by friends. x-Vrticulation and lip reading were taught to 
about 100. Pupils are also maintained by the State at the institution 
for the improved instruction of deaf mutes in New York city, and at 
the Le Coutenix St. Mary's institution, in Buffalo. 

The State Asylum for Inebriates, at Binghamton, was opene<l in 
1864. The buildings cost |500,000, and will accommodate 200 patients. 
The State institutions for the reformation of juvenile delinquents are. 
the House of Refuge, on Randalfs Island, New York city, opened in 1852 
and having a capacity for 1000, and the Western House of Refuge, in 
Rochester, with accommodations for 600, opened in 1840. 

An industrial reformatory with a capacity for 500 has been con- 
structed at Elmira. Besides these there are 11 incorporated and 
municipal reformatories in the State which, from time to time, have re- 
ceived State aid, but are mainly supported by private gifts and muni- 



58 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




VIEW TOWARDS HAVANA, FROM GLKN PARK HOTEL. 



cipal approiDriations. The total number of inmates in all reformatories 
on January 1st, 1874, was 4780. 

There are also many organizations in the State for the care of desti- 
tute children, such as the Childrens' Aid Society of New York city, and 
the various missions and industrial schools of that and other cities. 

The total property valuation of the State charitable institutions above 
named was $6,184,302. 

The receipts for the year were $1,621,132, of which $1,015,251 was 
from the State, and the expenditures $1,589,183, of which $711,805 
was for building and improvements. 

State paupers are received at almshouses in Albany, Yaphank, 
Delhi, Canton, and Buffalo. 

The private and incorporated charities of the State comprise 128 
orjihan asylums and homes for the friendless, 46 hospitals, and 57 
dis})ensaries. 

The prison system of New York comprises 3 State prisons, county 



STATE OF MIW YORK. 51) 

penitentiaries. 2 St^ite imd 1 I local reformatories, lesides county jails, 
city prisons, &c. 

The general superA'ision of the i»risons is A'estecl by the Constitution 
in o inspectors elected for three years. All prison officers are appointed 
by the inspectors. Cigars, shoes, harness and saddlery hardware, 
tools, machinery, and axles are made at Auburn and Sing Sing, while 
in the latter a large number of convicts are employed in the marble and 
lime works. In the Clinton prison, at Dannemora, the manufacture of 
iron, nails, &c., from ore mined on the premises is the chief employment 
of the convicts. 

All the industries are managed by contract in Auburn. All but 
tlie stone-cutting in Sing Sing, and none in Clinton Prison. !N^o one 
of the prisons is self-sustaining. In all instruction is afforded to 
convicts, and all have libraries. The condition of these institutions 
for the year ending September 30th, 1874, was as follows: — In- 
cluding $2G,231 miscellaneous expenditures not distributed, the 
entire excess of expenditures was reported $588,537. This, how- 
ever, is reduced l)y stock on hand, permanent improvements, and 
unpaid accounts of the previous year, amounting to f 68,358 in favor 
of Auburn, $225,707 of Clinton, and $163,370 of Sing Sing. With 
these deductions, the real excess of expenditure over earnings becomes 
$131,060. 

The expense of maintaining ea<^li convict is from $3 to $4 a 
week in excess of the income. 

The prisons are full, and greater capacity is needed. The six 
jienitentiaries are situated in BulTalo, Albany, and New York (Black- 
wells Island). 

In the three first nann^d. trades are taught to the inmates, and 
t'vening schools are held. The State has no share in the management 
«»f these institutions, which are under the control of the counties 
where situated, but State i»risoners are confined in them. The total 
num))er of prisoners in the penitentiaries at the beginning of 1874 
was 5940. The Prison Association of New York is an organization 



60 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



for the repression of crime, the reformation of the criminal classes, 
the aid of discharged convicts, &c. It has agents in all parts of 
the State, and at all the prisons, who visit persons detained under 
charge of crime, with a view of aiding them to obtain justice, and 
who look after the interests of discharged convicts. In 1873, 1257 
discharged prisoners were aided by the general agency in New York 
city, while 4537 in prison accused of crime were visited and ad- 
A'^ised, of wlioni 204, being friendless, were defended. 

Annual reports are made to the New York Legislature. 

The common school system of New York may be traced to a Inw 
passed by the legislature in 1812. which provided for the division of 
the State into school districts, the distribution of the interest of the 
school fund in the ratio of the number of children from five to fifteen 
years of age, and the annual levy by each town of a tax for school 



purposes. 



As early as 1795, however, an annual 
appropriation of $50,000 for five years was 
made l\y the legislature for public instruc- 
tion. The acts relating to public instruction 
were revised and consolidated in the gen- 
eral law of 1864, which was several times 
amended until 1807, when the free school 
system of the State was fairly es- 
tablished. 

For school purposes the State 
is divided into general districts 
;inil city districts created hy spe- 




KERKY AT NORTH HKCTOK 



STATE OF NEW YollK. 



61 



cial act.s. There is no State board of education. The general super- 
vision of" the common schools is vested in a State superintendent, 
who is elected for tliree years by a joint ballot of the legislature, 
receives an annual salary of 1^5000. besides an allowance of $3000 
for a deputy, and between i|8000 and fQOOO for clerk hire, and 
makes an annual report to the legislature. By virtue of his office 
he is a regent of the Uni\ersity, chairman of the executive com- 
mittee of the State Normal School at Albany, a trustee of the People's 
College, and of the State Asylum for Idiots, and is recpiired to provide 
for the education of all Indian children in the State. 

The office of county superintendent was abolished in 1847, and that 
of town superintendent in 1857. Their duties are performed b}' dis- 
trict commissioners elected for three years by the people. Each school 
district has also 2 or 3 trustees, who exercise authority in relation to 
school funds, property. &c.. and report annually to the district com- 
missioner. The common schools are free to all persons between five 
and twenty-one years of age. Separate schools are provided for the 
Indians, and any city or incorporated village may establish schools 
exclusivelv for colored children. 




GLIiN PARK HOTEL WATKINS. 



02 STATE <iF Si:\\ YORK. 

The Compulsory Educational Law of 1874. which went into ert'eot 
on January 1st, 1875, requires all children not physically or mentally 
incapacitated, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to attend 
some public or private day-school not less than fourteen weeks every 
year, eight of which must be consecutive, or they must be taught at 
home for the same time in spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, 
geography, and arithmetic. Manufacturers and others are prohibited, 
under penalty of $50, from employing during school hours children 
under fourteen years of age who have not received the instruction 
required by this act 

Boards of trustees are directed to make provision for the instruction 
of habitual truants. Free district libraries constitute a feature of the 
educational system, for which the legislature annually appropriates 
$55,000, and for which each district is authorized to levy a small tax 
yearly. 

Indian schools were maintained in twenty-eight districts at nine 
reservations, at a cost of $7262, and were attended by 1092 children, 
who were taught by 19 white and 12 Indian teachers. State moneys 
for the support of common schools are derived chiefly from the income 
of the common-school fund, the principal of which in 1874 was $8,054,- 
772 ; the United States deposit fund of $4,014,520, which is a nominal 
loan received on deposit from the surplus funds of the United States 
in 1836 ; and the State school-tax of li mills. The amount derived from 
these sources in 1874 was — school fund, $178,813; United States 
deposit fund, $105,000; State tax, $2,664,631; total, $3,008,444. 

The total expenditures for the support of the public schools amounted 
to $9,040,942 in 1868; $11,088,081 in 1874. 

Much importance is attached to the training of teadiers for the pub- 
lic schools. Teachers are required to have received a diploma from a 
State normal school, or a certificate fiDiu the superintendent of public 
instruction, the district commissioner, or city or village school officer. 
The State maintains, by an annual a]»propriation of about $150,000, 
eight normal schools, of which 3028 students have graduated up to 



,S TA TE F XK IT YO R K. 



m 




IRON SUSPEXSION BRIDGE ACROSS GORGK, WATKIXS GLEN. 



the summer of 1874, besides a large number who ha^e received 
instruction without completing the course. The courses of instruction 
comprise an elementary English and an advanced English course of 



64 



STATE OF ^'EW YORK. 




MAGNETIC SriaXliS !^A^■ITAKIl".M AT HAVANA. 



two years each, and a classical course of three years. The course 
of instruction and practice at the Albany school is two years. Special 
classes are also formed for the benefit of those desiring a few weeks' 
instruction each year. Each county is entitled to send to a State 
normal school, free of charge for tuition and text-books, twice as many 
pupils as it has representatives in the Assembly ; to other pupils a 
charge is made for instruction. Applicants for admission must be at 
least sixteen years of age, and must pass examination. 

State pupils arc appointed hy the State superintendent of pubHc 
instruction, subject to the reijuired examination, on recommendation of 
the school commissioners t)r city superintendents. 

Teachers' institutes have been maintained by the State since 1847. 
These arc held annually in the several counties for a period of about 
two weeks, with special reference to the wants of teachers in the rural 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



65 



districts. During the year ending January 1st, 1875, institutes were 
held in 58 counties, at a cost to the State of |16,319. and were 
attended by 1J,478 teachers. The most important facts concerning 
the State normal schools are: In Albany, in 1874, 544 i)upils; Brock- 
port, 291 pupils; Buffiilo, 303; Courtland, 399; Fredonia, 237; Gene- 
see, 307 ; Oswego, 429 ; Potsdam, 365. 

Teachers' classes attended by 2044 pupils, ranging from 10 to 20 
weeks, were also maintained in 92 academies designated by the board 
of regents. 

The University of the State of New York is a corporate body created 
in 1784, with functions mainly of supervision and visitation, and not 
of instruction. 

The board of regents of the Universit}^, reorganized in 1787, com- 
prised 19 members elected by joint ballot of the legislature, besides 
the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, and superin- 
tendent of public instruction. The officers are a chancellor, vice- 
chancellor, treasurer, secretary, and assistant secretary. 

The regents are empowered to incorporate and visit literary and 
medical colleges and academies, and to require from them annual 
reports as to their system of instruction, discipline, finances, pupils, &c. 




I I ilAt A HOTKL. 



^£#Spr" 




ON THE MOHAWK. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. g^ 



Those reports, or abstracts of them, are embodied by the regents in 
their annual report to the legislature. 

Thej are also empowered to confer degrees above that of master of arts. 

They are cx-officio trustees of the State Library and of the State Museum 

of Natural History; and many valuable papers showing the progress of 

science and the useful arts are contained in their reports on the m°useum. 

The colleges and academies are mainly dependent on private bounty 

and tuition fees. The State has often made large contributions to their 

endowments, besides establishing the ^'Literature Fund," the annual 

income of which is appropriated towards the salaries of teachers in the 

academies. 

Since 1853 an endowment fund of at least $100,000 paid in or 
secured, has been a condition of the incorporation of a college by the 
regents. 

Most of the coUeges incorporated since that date have received their 
charters directly from the legislature. The property and funds of 
these institutions are vested in trustees, and must be used only for 
public instruction. These trustees are answerable to the legislature 
and the courts. Since 1838, $40,000 derived from the literature fund, 
and the United States deposit funds, has been annually distributed 
among the academies, according to the number of pupilj holding the 
regents' certificates of academic scholarship. Besides this, about 
$18,000 is annually distributed to the academies for the instruction of 
teachers, and $3000 for the purchase of books and apparatus. Acade- 
mic departments of union schools are admitted to the benefits of these 
appropriations on the same terms as academies. 

There are subject to the visitation of the regents 23 literarv and 
11 medical colleges, and about 250 academies and academical depart- 
ments of union schools. This enumeration embraces only incorporated 
institutions. 

In order to raise the standard of education, and to secure greater 
fidehty on the part of teachers in the academies, examinations in 
writmg are held by the regents. Each pupil who satisfactorily 



68 STATE OF NEW YOItK. 



answers the questions receives a certificate which entitles him to 
certain educational facilities. Since 1863 the University Convocation, 
comprising the officers of colleges and academies, has been held annu- 
ally, under the direction of the board of regents, for the consideration 
of the interests of higher education. Besides the 1,044,364 pupils in 
the common and 6515 in the normal schools in 1873-74, there were 
31,421 in academies, 2675 in colleges, 137,840 in private, 582 in law, 
and 024 in medical schools; total, 1,224,321. 

Union University, comprising Union College, in Schenectady, the 
Albany Medical College, and Dudley Observatory, was incorporated 
in 1873. 

The State Agricultural College is connected with Cornell University, 
and is described in an article on that subject. 

The whole number of newspapers and periodicals reported by the 
census of 1870 were 835, having an aggregate circulation of 7,561,497, 
and issuing annually 471,741,744 copies. 

There were 87 daily, with a circulation of 780,470; 5 tri-weekly, 
5800; 22 semi-weekly, 114,500; 518 Aveekly, 3,388,497; 21 semi- 
monthly, 216,300 ; 163 monthly, 2,920,810 ; and 19 quarterly, 135,120. 

In 1874 there were reported 98 daily, 5 tri-weekly, 20 semi-weekly, 
681 weekly, 2 bi-weekly, 26 semi-monthly, 201 monthly, 4 bi-monthly, 
and 18 quarterly; total, 1055. 

The total number of libraries of all classes reported by the Federal 
census of 1870 was 20,929, containing 6,310,352 volumes; 7158 with 
2,785,483 volumes were private; and 13,771, with 3,524,869, were 
other than private. 

The whole number of religious organizations in 1870 was 5627. 
having 5474 edifices, with 2,282,876 sittings, and property valued at 
$66,073,755. 

At the arrival of the whites the south-east part of New York was 
inhabited by several subordinate tribes of Indians belonging to the 
Algonquin race, and the remaining part of the State by the celebrated 
Five Nations of Iroquois stock. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



69 



The names of pla- 
ces bequeathed by 

the various tribes 

indicate to what race 

they belonged, the 

Algonquin words 

being harsh and full 

of gutturals, while 

the Iroquois names 

are usually smooth, 

soft, and musical. 

In July, 1609, Sam- 
uel Champlain, hav- 
ing ascended the St. 
Lawrence river, dis- 
covered the lake 
which bears his 
name. On Septem- 
ber 9th, 1609, Hen- 
ry Hudson, in the 
employ of the Dutch 
East India Compa- 
ny, discovered the 
bay of New York mammoth gorge, watkins glen, n. y. 

and three days later entered the river which bears his name. 

The land discovered by Hudson was claimed by Holland, and named 
New Netherland. In 1614 the States-General granted special privi- 
leges to any company which should open a trade with the natives 
of this region. In this year the first Dutch settlements were made 
on Manhattan Island, and the name New Netherland was applied 
to the unoccupied regions of America lying between Virginia and 
Canada. 

In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was incorporated, and 




70 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




AU SABLE CHASM.— RAINBOW ROCK. 



in the following year, by virtue of their charter, took possession of 
New Netherland. The first permanent agricultural colonization of 
this country was made in 1623, when 18 families settled at Fort 
Orange (now Albany), and a company of Walloons on the west 
shore of Loni>; Island. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 71 



111 1626 Peter Minuit, the director-general, purchased Manhattan 
Island of the natives for the value of $24. 

In 1629 the company passed an act enabling all who wished to 
obtain manorial possessions in the country, under which the most 
valuable part of the company's land soon passed into the hands of 
individuals, and an aristocratic element was introduced. The efforts 
to establish feudal privileges failed ; but the land monopolies 
granted at this time led, more than two centuries afterward, to 
serious disturbances known as the anti-rent difficulties. 

Wouter von Twiller, the successor of Minuit, appointed in 1633, 
was succeeded in 1638 by William Kieft. During the administration 
of the latter, some troubles having arisen with the natives, an 
attack was suddenly made by the whites upon the nearest Indian 
villages, and more than 100 unoffending men, women, and children 
were massacred. A bloody war ensued, which seriously endangered 
the existence of the colony. In 1647 Kieft was succeeded by Peter 
Stuyvesant, by whom the Indians were conciliated and the general 
affairs of the colony more systematically administered. The Dutch 
settlements, spreading to the east and the west, came in collision 
with the English upon the Connecticut, and with the Swedes upon 
the Delaware. In 1655 Stuyvesant took forcible possession of the 
Swedish territory and annexed it to New Netherland. The border 
contests with the English continued as long as the Dutch held 
possession of the country. 

The English claimed New Netherland as part of Virginia, a claim 
founded upon the prior discovery of Cabot. 

In 1622 the English minister at the Hague demanded that the 
enterprise of planting a Dutch colony upon the Hudson should be 
abandoned. In 1627 Governor Bradford, of Plymouth, gave notice 
to Peter Minuit that the patent of New England extended to latitude 
40°, and that the Dutch had no right "to plant and trade" north 
of that line. In March, 1664, Charles II. granted a charter of aU 
the lands lying between the Hudson and the Delaware to his brother, 



72 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




WATKINS FROM THE GLEN PARK HOTEL. 

the Duke of" York. This incliid(Ml 
New Netherland, and a portion of 
the territory which had been pre- 
viously granted to Connecticut, 
Massachusetts,, and New Hampshire. In August of the same year, 
without any declaration of war, Colonel Nicholls, at the head of an 
English force, appeared before New Amsterdam, and demanded its 
surrender. 

Being in no condition to resist. Governor Stuyvesant complied, and 
the whole country quietly passed into the hands of the English. 

New Amsterdam was named New York, and the name of New 
York was also applied to the whole province. New York was subse- 
quently recaptured by the Dutch, but was soon after restored to the 
English. The Dutch engaged in the slave trade as early as 1627, and 
at the surrender in 1664 the colony contained more slaves in propor- 
tion to its inhabitants than Virginia. In August, 1688, New York was 
placed with New England under the administration of Andros, Francis 
Nicholson being appointed lieutenant-governor of New York. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



In 1689 the people revolted fVoni the tyranny of Nicholson, and 
under the lead of Jacob Leisler, a merchant of New York, seized the 
government and administered it in the name of William and Mary. 

Although never officially recognized as governor, Leisler continued 
at the head of allairs more than two years, when he was superseded by 
Governor Slaughter, bearing a commission direct from the English 
sovereigns. 

Oifering some slight resistance to Slaughter upon his arrival, Leisler 
and his son-in-law Millborne were arrested, tried for treason, and exe- 
cuted. Li 1684 Governor Dougan concluded an offensive and de- 
fensive treaty with the Indians, and from that time the English became 
the recipients of that friendship Avhich had been before bestowed upon 
the Dutch. 

In 1687 the Seneca country in Western New York was invaded by a 
French army under De Nouville, governor of Canada, and in 1689 the 
Five Nations retaliated by invading Canada. In this last expedition 
more than 1000 French settlers were slain, and the whole French 
province was threatened with destruction. On the night of February 
9th, 1690, a party of French and Canadian Indians burned Schenectady 
and massacred nearly all the inhabitants. 

In 1693, a French expedition against the Mohawks took one of the 
Indian forts, and captured 300 prisoners, but the greater part of the 
invaders perished with cold before reaching Canada. 

The peace of Ryswick in 1697, concluded the hostilities between 
England and France, and Count Frontenac, then governor of Canada, 
turned his whole force against the Five Nations. His plans were frus- 
trated by the Earl of Bellamont, then royal governor of New York, 
who declared he would make common cause with the Indians in case 
any attack was made upon them. 

During the continuance of Queen Anne's war, from 1702 to 1713, 
hostilities in New York were confined to skirmishes upon the frontiers, 
and to the preparation for expeditions which failed for want of promised 
aid from England, but which involved the colony largely in debt. 



74 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



In 1731 the French 
built Fort Frederick, at 
Crown Point on Lake 
Champlain, at Fronte- 
iiac (now Kingston) on 
the St. Lawrence, and 
at Niagara. The Eng- 
lish advanced posts 
were at Fort Edward 
on the Hudson, and at 
Oswego on Lake ^^Onta- 
rio. In 1755 a large 
force under Sir William 
Johnson marched 
against Crown Point. 
At the head of Lake 
George he was attack- 
ed by the French under 
Dieskau, but the A^ictory was finally obtained by the English, and the 
French force nearly annihilated. In 1756 Oswego was taken by the 
French, and destroyed. In 1757 Fort William Henry, at the head of 
Lake George, was taken by the French, and the garrison, after capitu- 
lation, were nearly all massacred by the Indians. 

In 1758 Abercrombie, at the head of 15,000 men, the largest and 
best appointed army ever raised in colonial America, was defeat- 
ed in an attack upon Ticonderoga, and during the same year Col- 
onel Bradstreet marched through the wilderness and took Fort 
Frontenac. 

In 1759 Niagara was taken by General Prideaux and Sir William 
Johnson, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned on the 
approach of an English army under General Amherst, leaving no 
French force within the limits of the colony. During the last years of 
the war, under the administration of Pitt, the English pursued a 




TKENTON FALLS. 



E OF ^t 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



75 




THE OLD WAY. 



liberal policy toward the colonies ; but in 1760 they recommenced 
aggressions which provoked oj)position. 

New York entered zealously into the measures for common defense. 
In October, 1775, Try on, the last royal governor, took refuge on board 
a British man-of-war. In May of that year Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point had been surprised and taken by a party of "Green Mountain 
Boys'' under Ethan Allen. 

In February, 1776, an American force took possession of New York 
city; after the battle of Long Island (August 27th), the city and its 
environs fell into the hands of the British. 

In the summer of 1777, Burgoyne invaded the province from 
Canada, and a British force from New York passed up the Hudson to 
co-operate with him. 

Several fortresses in Lake Champlain and the Hudson were taken by 
the enemy, but after a series of reverses, Burgoyne's army, on October 
17th, was obliged to surrender at Saratoga. 

In the winter of 1777-'8, West Point was fortified, and soon became 
the most important fortress in America. Under the lead of Sir John 
Johnson, the Six Nations espoused the English cause, and continually 



76 i<TATK OF NEW YOL'K. 



harassed the defenseless frontier settlements. In 1770. Genpijil Sul- 
livan marched through the Indian country in Western New York, and 
destroyed their villages. During the next two years the Indians made 
frequent attacks upon the Schoharie and Mohawk settlements, until 
the whole of that flourishing region was laid waste. 

On November 25th, 1783, New York was evacuated })y the British. 

The original grant of New York included all lands between the 
Delaware and Hudson rivers, conflicted with patents previously granted 
to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. In 16G4, soon 
after the date of the first patent, the proprietor sold the territory in- 
cluded in the present State of New Jersey. The ConnecticutiDoundary 
was estabhshed in 1731. The claims of Massachusetts were finally 
settled in 178G, by a compromise which gave New York the sovereignty 
of the whole territory, but yielded to Massachusetts the right of soil 
to that portion of the State which lies west of a meridian line passing 
through the 82d milestone of the Pennsylvania boundary. 

This line, known as the " pre-emption line," begins at the south-east 
corner of Steuben county, extends along the west shore of Seneca lake, 
and terminates in Sod us bay, on Lake Ontario. 

The conflicting claims of New York and New Hampshire led to vio- 
lent collisions, and almost to civil war. 

The threatened hostilities were averted in 1700 by the erection of 
the disputed territory into the State of Vermont, and the payment to 
New York of $30,000. The seat of government was originally in New 
York city. The first Constitution, adopted in March, 1777, was pub- 
lished at Kingston. 

In October of that year the public records were removed to Roch- 
ester, Ulster county ; soon after to Poughkeepsie, and in 1784 to New 
York city. 

In 1704 Albany was made the capital. 

The Constitution was revised in 1801, 1821, and 1846. 

Slavery, which had been much restricted since the formation of the 
first Constitution, was abolished in 1817, though, under the provisions 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



77 



of the act, a few aged persons continued in nominal slavery many 
years later. At the close of the Revolution a treaty was made with 
the Six Nations, by which a large amount of the Indian lands was 
ceded to the State. 

Settlements rapidly spread in the fertile regions of Central New 
York, and by subsequent treaties all the lands of the Indians except 
a few " reservations "' passed into the hands of the whites. During 
the war of 1812 the frontier settlements were constantly exposed to 
attacks of the British, and several engagements took place along the 
borders. In 1796 the "Western Navigation Company" was incor- 
porated, which built docks around the rapids on the Mohawk, and dug 
a canal across the portage at Rome, so that laden boats could pass 
from the ocean to Oneida lake, and thence by the outlet to Lake 
Ontario. 

In 1800 Gouverneur Morris conceived the plan, of a canal directly 
through the State from east to west. 




THR POPLARS, LAKE WAN KTA. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



79 




VIEW OF GENESEE FALLS, NEAR PORTAGE. 

In 1808 James Geddes made a partial sun^ey of the proposed route^ 
and reported favorably. De Witt Clinton investigated the matter, and 
from that time gave to the project the whole weight of his influence. 

The war of 1812 caused a suspension of the project, but in 1816 
a law was passed authorizing the construction of the canal. 

The work was begun in 1817, and the canal was finished in 1825. 
It speedily became the great channel of trade and emigration. 

In 1853-'54 the Constitution was amended in order to enable the 
State to borrow $9,000,000 to facilitate the completion of the canals. 
In 1865 an amendment providing for the appointment of five com- 
missioners of appeals was rejected. 

In 1866 a convention was called by the popular vote, for the 
revision of the Constitution, in pursuance of its provision for the sub- 
mission of that question every twenty years. 



80 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The members were elected in April, 1867, met on June 4th. and 
continued their sessions till February 28th, 1868; but at the election, 
November 2d, 1869, the new Constitution was rejected, as well as 
several amendments which were submitted separately, excepting one 
reorganizing the judiciary. 

An amendment providing for the aj)pointment instead of the election 
of the principal judges was rejected in 1873. In November, 1874. 
several amendments, which had been proposed by the legislature, were 
ratified by the people. 

These removed the property qualification of colored voters, re- 
stricted the power of the legislature to pass private or local bills, 
made changes in the executive department, prescribed an oath of office 
in relation to bribery, established safeguards against official corrujjtion, 
and removed the restrictions imposed upon the legislature in regard 
to selling or leasing certain of the State canals. 

During the civil war New York furnished to the Federal army 
455,568 troops, or 380,980 reduced to a three years' standard. 

In 1869 the legislature ratified the 15th amendment to the Federal 
Constitution. In 1870 this action was annulled by a resolution, wliich 
was rescinded in 1872. 

The history of New York from 1609 to 1691 is given in Broad- 
head's "History of the State of New York " (2 vols., 8vo., 1853-7.) 
See also the " History of the New Netherland," by E. B. O'Callaghan 
(2 vols.. New York, 1846-48), and "Documentary History of New 
York" (4 vols., 4to., Albany, 1849-51), and "Documents Relative to 
the Colony of New York" (10 vols., 1853-8), both edited by him. 




CITIES, TOWNS, AND POST-OFFICES 



NEW YORK. 



BEING A COMPLETK (iAZETTEER OF THE STATE, GIVING NOT ONLY THE NAME OF EACH POST- 
OFFR'E AND COUNTY BUT THE NAME OF THE COUNTY SEAT. 



Abbott's Corners Eric. 

A cademy ( Jntario. 

Accord Ulster. 

Acra Greene. 

Adams .Jefferson. 

Adams' Basin Monroe. 

Adams Centre I efferson. 

Adams Corners Putnam. 

Adams' Station Albany. 

Adamsville ...Washington. 

Addison Steuben. 

Addison Hill Steuben. 

iVddison Junction Essex. 

Adirondack Warren. 

Adrian Steuben . 

Afton Chenango. 

Akron Erie. 

Alabama Genesee. 

ALBANY (c. h.) Albany. 

ALBION fc.h.) Orleans. 

Alburgli Franklin. 

Alcoye.. Albany. 

Alden Erie. 

Alden Centre Erie. 

Alder Brook J>anklin. 

Alder ( "reek Oneida. 

Alexander Genesee. 

Alexandria .Jefferson. 

A 1 f r e d A 1 1 ega n 3\ 

Alfred Centre Allegany. 

Allegany Cattaraugus. 

Allen Allegany. 

Allensborough Washington. 

Allen's Hiir Ontario. 

Allentown Allegany. 

Alma Allegany. 

Almond Allegany. 



Alpine Schuyler. 

Alps liensselaer. 

Altay Schuyler. 

Alton Wayne. 

Altona Clinton. 

Amagansett Suffolk. 

Amawalk Westchester. 

Amber Onondaga. 

Aml)oy Centre Oswego. 

Amenia Dutchess. 

Amenia Union Dutchess. 

Ames Montgomery. 

Amity Orange. 

Amityyillc Suffolk. 

Amsterdam Montgomer}-. 

Ancram Columbia. 

Ancram Ijcad Mines Columbia. 

Andes Delaware. 

Andoyer Allegan}-. 

Angelica Allegany. 

Angola Erie. 

Annandale Dutchess. 

Antwerp Jeffer.son. 

Aj^alachin Tioga. 

Apex Delaware. 

Apulia Onondaga. 

Aquetuck Albany. 

Arcade Wy om ing. 

Arcadia Wayne. 

Argusyille Schoharie. 

AR6YLE (c. li.) Washington. 

Arietta Hami Iton. 

Arkport Steuben. 

Arky ille Delaware. 

Arkwright Chautauqua. 

Armonk Westchester. 

Arthur Oswego. 



(SI) 



STATE OF Xi:W YOIIK. 



S3 



Arthnrsburgli Dutclicss. 

Asbury Tompkins. 

A si 1 ford ( 'attaraugiis. 

Ashland Greene. 

Astoria Queens. 

Athens Greene. 

Athol Warren. 

Atlantie vi He Suffolk. 

.Vttica Wyoming. 

Attlebury Dutchess. 

Atwater Cayuga. 

AUBURN (c. h.l Cayuga. 

.Vugusta Oneida. 

Aurelius Cayuga. 

Aurelius Station Cayuga. 

Auriesville Montgomer}'. 

^Vurora Cayuga. 

A u Sable Chasm Essex. 

Au Sable Forks Essex. 

Austerlitz (Columbia. 

Ava (Jneida. 

Averill Rensselaer. 

Avoca :... Steuben. 

Avon Livingston. 

Babcock's Hill Oneida. 

Babylon Suffolk. 

Bacon Hill Saratoga. 

Bainbridge Chenango. 

Baiting Hollow Suffolk. 

Baker's Mills Warren. 

Baldwin Queens. 

Baldwin Place Putnam. 

Baldwinsvillo Onondaga. 

BALLSTON(c.h.) Saratoga. 

Ballston Centre Saratoga. 

Bangall Dutchess. 

Bangor Franklin. 

Barbourville Delaware. 

Barker's Niagara. 

Barkersville Saratoga. 

Barnard's Crossing Monroe. 

Barnerville Schoharie. 

Barnum Cattaraugus. 

Barnes' Corners Lewis. 

Barre Centre Orleans. 

Barrington Yates. 

Barrytown Dutchess. 

Barry ville Sullivan. 

Bartlett Oneida. 



Barton Tioga . 

Bartow on the Sound... Westchester. 

BATAVIA (c. h.) Genesee. 

Batchellcrvillo Saratoga. 

Bates Schoharie. 

Bath Steuben. 

Battenville Washington. 

Bay Port Suffolk. 

Bay Ridge Kings. 

Bay Shore Suffolk. 

Bay Side Queens. 

Bay ville Queens. 

Beaches Corner Greene. 

Beach Ridge Niagara. 

Bearsville Ulster. 

Beaver Brook Sullivan. 

Beaver Dams Schuyler. 

Beaver Falls Lewis. 

Beaver Kill Sullivan. 

Beaver Meadow Chenango. 

Becker's Corners Albany. 

Bedford Westchester. 

Bedford Station Westchester. 

Beekman Dutchess. 

Beekmantown Clinton . 

Belcher Washington. 

Belden Broome. 

Belfast Allegany. 

Belfort Lewis. 

Belle Isle Onondaga. 

Belleville .Jefferson. 

Bellmont Centre Franklin. 

Bell ona Yates. 

Bellport Suffolk. 

Bell vale Orange. 

BELMONT (c.h.) Allegany. 

Bel videre Allegany. 

Bemus Lleights Saratoga- 

Bemus Point Chautauqua. 

Bennet's Corners Madison . 

Bennettsburgh Scliuy Icr. 

Bennett's Creek Steuben. 

Bennettsville Chenango. 

Bennington Wyoming. 

Benson Ham i Itoi i . 

Benson Centre Hamilton. 

Benton Centre Yates. 

Bergen Gene.see. 

Bergholtz Niagara. 

Berkshire Tioga. 



84 



STATE OF NE]]' YORK. 



Berlin Rensselaer. 

Berne Albany. 

Bernhard's Bay Oswego. 

Bessemcr's Dejjot Tompkins. 

Bethany Genesee. 

Bethel Sullivan. 

Bethel Corners Cayuga. 

Bethel Station Dutchess. 

Bethlehem Centre Albany. 

Big Brook Oneida. 

Big Creek Steuben. 

Bigelow St. Lawrence. 

Big Flats Chemung. 

Big Hollow Greene. 

Big Indian Ulster. 

Big Tree Corners Erie. 

Billings Dutchess. 

Billsl.x )r( Kigh Ontario. 

BINGHAMTON (c. h ) Broome. 

Binne water Ulster. 

Birdsall Allegany. 

Bishop Street Jetferson. 

Black Brook Clinton. 

Black Creek Allegany. 

Black River Jefter.son. 

Blaine Montgomery. 

Blauveltville Rockland. 

Bleecker Fulton. 

Bliss Wyoming. 

Blockvillc Chautauqua. 

Blodgctt Mills Cortland. 

Blood's Depot Steuben. 

Bloomingburgh Sullivan. 

Bloomingdale Essex. 

Bloomviile Delaware. 

Blossom Erie. 

Blossvale Oneida. 

Blue Mountain Lake Hamilton. 

Blue Point Suffolk. 

Blue Stores Columbia. 

Bluff Roint Yates. 

Boiceville Ulster. 

Bolivar A llegany . 

Bolton Warren . 

Bombay I'^-anklin. 

Boon ville Oneida. 

Boreas River Essex. 

Borden Steuben. 

Borodino Onondaga. 

Boscobel Westchester. 



Boston Erie. 

Boston Corner Columbia. 

Bouck ville Madison. 

Bouton ville Westchester. 

Bovina Delaware. 

Bowen's Corners Oswego. 

Bowmansville Erie. 

Boylston Centre Oswego. 

Boyntonville Rensselaer. 

Bradford Steuben. 

Brainard Rensselaer. 

Brainard Station Columbia. 

Braman's Corners Schenectady. 

liranchport Yates. 

Brant Erie. 

Brantingham Lewis. 

Brant Lake AVarren. 

Brasher Falls St. Lawrence'. 

Brasher Iron AVorks...St. Lawrence. 

Brasie Corners St. Lawrence. 

Breakabeen Schoharie. 

Breesport Chemung. 

Brentwood Suffolk. 

Breslau Suffolk. 

Brevoort* Kings. 

Brewerton Onondaga. 

Brewster's Station Putnam. 

Bridgehampton Suffolk. 

Bridgeport Madison. 

1 h'idge ville Sullivan . 

Bridge water Oneida. 

Brier Hill St, Lawrence. 

Brigliton Monroe. 

Brinckerhoffville Dutchess. 

Brisben Chenango. 

Briscoe Sullivan. 

Bristol Ontario. 

Bristol Centre Ontario. 

Bristol S})rings Ontario. 

Broadalbin Fulton. 

Brockett's Bridge Fulton. 

Brock{)ort Monroe. 

Brocton Chautauqua. 

Ih'odhead Ulster. 

Broken Straw Chautauqua. 

Bronxville Westchester. 

Brookdalc St. Lawrence. 

Brookfield Madison. 

Brook Haven Suffolk. 

* Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 




""■^:?S>*-A-;__ i 



CKV>^TAL SPKINGS SANITARIIM. 



86 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 



BROOKLYN (e.h., Kings. 

kStation.s. 

Brevoort. 

Green Point. 

\i.\\\ Brunt. 

Williamsburgh. 

Brookmere Monroe. 

Brooks' Grove Livingston. 

Brook Yale Broome. 

Broome Centre Schoharie. 

Brown's Station Ulster. 

Brown ville Jetlerson. 

Brushhmd Dehiware. 

Brushton Franklin. 

Bruy nswick Ulster. 

Buel ]\h)ntgomery. 

Buena Vista Steuben. 

BUFFALO (c.h.) .Erie. 

1 in f la lo Plains.. Erie. 

Bull's Head Dutchess. 

Bullville Orange. 

Bund y's Crossing Oswego. 

Burdett Schuyler. 

Burke Franklin. 

J >urke Centre Franklin . 

Burlingham Sullivan. 

Burlington Otsego. 

Burlington Flats Otsego. 

Burnhams Chautauqua. 

Burns Allegany. 

Burnside ( )range. 

Burnt Hills Saratoga. 

Burr's Mills lett'erson, 

Burtonsville Montgomery. 

Bushnell's Basin Monroe. 

Bushnellsville ( J reene. 

Bush ville Sullivan. 

Buskirk's Bridge A\'ashington. 

Busti < 'hautauqua. 

Butler Centre Wayne. 

Butterfly ( )swego. 

Butternut Grove Delaware. 

Byersville Livingston. 

Byron Genesee. 

Cabin Hill Delaware. 

Cadiz Cattaraugus. 

( 'adosia A^illey 1 )elaware. 

( 'ady ville C 1 inton. 

Cairo Greene. 



Caledonia Livingston. 

Callanan's Corners Albany. 

Callicoon Sullivan. 

Callicoon Depot. Sullivan. 

Cal verton Suffolk. 

Cambria Niagara. 

Cambridge Washington. 

Camden Oneida. 

Cameron Steuben. 

Cameron Mills Steuben. 

( 'amillus Onondaga. 

Campbell Steuben. 

Campbell Hall Orange. 

Campville Tioga. 

Camroden Oneida. 

Canaan Columbia. 

Canaan Centre Columbia. 

Canaan Four Corners Columbia. 

Canadice Ontario. 

Canajoliario Montgomery. 

CANANDAIGUA (e. h ) Ontario 

Canarsie Kings. 

Canaseraga Allegany. 

( ana.stota Madison. 

Canawangus Livingston. 

Candor Tioga. 

Caneadea Allegany. 

Canisteo Steuben. 

Cannonsville Delaware. 

Canoga Seneca. 

CANTON (c. h.) St. Lawrence. 

Cape A'incent... .Jefferson. 

Cardiff Onondaga. 

Carlisle Schoharie. 

Carlisle Centre Schoharie. 

Carlton Orleans. 

Carlton Station Orleans. 

Carl von Orleans. 

CARli/IEL (c. h.) Putnam. 

Caroline Tompkins. 

Caroline Centre Tomi)kins. 

Caroline Depot Tomi)kins. 

Carpenter's Eddy 1 )elaware. 

Carrollton Cattaraugus. 

Carr's Creek Delaware. 

Carthage .Jefferson. 

Carthage Landing Dutchess. 

Cascade Cayuga. 

Cascade A'alley Broome. 

Cascadeville Essex. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



87 



Cassadaga Chautauqua. 

Cassville Oneida. 

Castile Wyoming. 

C 'astle Creek Broome. 

(.'astleton lienssclacr. 

Castleton Corners. iiichmond. 

Castorland.. Lewis. 

Catatonk Tioga. 

Catawba Steuben. 

Cattish Oswego. 

( 'atharinc Scliuylcr. 

Catlin Chemung. 

Cato Cayuga. 

Caton Steuben. 

CATSKILL (e. h.) Greene. 

Catskill Station Cohimbia. 

Cattaraugus ( "attaraugus. 

Caughdenoy Oswego. 

Cayuga Cayuga. 

Cayuta Schuyler. 

Cayutaville Schuyler. 

Cazenovia Madison. 

Cedar Hill Albany. 

Cedar Lake Herkimer. 

Cedarvale Onondaga. 

Cedarville Herkimer. 

Central Brids:e Schoharie. 

Central Islip^ Suffolk. 

Central Park (Queens. 

Central Square Oswego. 

Central Valley Orange. 

Centre Berlin Rensselaer. 

Centre Brunswick Rensselaer. 

Centre Cambridge Washington. 

Centre Lisle Broome. 

Centre Moriches Suffolk. 

Centreport Suffolk. 

Centre Valley Otsego. 

Centre Village Broome. 

Centreville Allegany. 

Centreville Station Sullivan. 

Centre White Creek Washington. 

Ceres Allegany. 

Chadwick's ]\rills Oneida. 

Chaffee Erie. 

Champion Jefferson. 

Champlain Clinton. 

Chaj lin ville Ontario. 

Chajipaipia Westchester. 

Charleston Montgomery. 



Charleston l'\)ur Corners Montg'y. 

Charlotte Monroe. 

Charlotteville Schoharie. 

Charlton Saratoga. 

Chase's Lake Lewis. 

Chase's Mills St. Lawrence. 

Chase ville Otsego. 

Chateaugay k"'rank lin. 

Chateaugay Lake Frank lin. 

Chatham ( 'olumbia. 

Chatham Centred Columbia. 

Chaumont .Jcffersoi i . 

Chautauqua Chautauqua. 

Chazy Clinton. 

Cheektowaga Erie. 

Chemung Chemung. 

Chemung Centre Chemung. 

Chenango Bridge Broome. 

Clienango Forks Broome. 

Cheningo Cortland. 

Cherry Creek Chautauqua. 

Cherry Valley Otsego. 

Cheshire Ontario. 

Chester. , Orange. 

Chestertown Warren. 

Chestnut Ridge Dutchess. 

Chicago Cortland. 

Chili Monroe. 

Chili Station ...Monroe. 

China Delaware. 

Chippewa Bay St. Lawrence. 

Chittenango ISIadison. 

Chittenango Falls Mad ison . 

Chittenango Station Madison . 

Choconut Centre Broome. 

Churchtown Columbia. 

Churchville Monroe. 

Churubusco Clinton . 

Cicero Onondaga . 

Cigarville Onondaga. 

Cincinnatus Cortland . 

Circleville Orange. 

City Dutchess. 

City Island Westchester. 

Clare St. Lawrence. 

Clarence Erie. 

Clarence Centre Erie. 

Clarendon Orleans. 

Clarksborough St, Lawrence. 

Clarksburgh Erie. 




NEW YORK CENTRAL AND HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



89 



Clark's Factory Delaware. 

Clark's Mills Oneida. 

Clarkson Monroe. 

Clarksville Albany. 

Clary ville Sullivan. 

Claveraek Columbia. 

Clay Onondaga. 

Clayburgli Clinton. 

Clayton Jeft'erson. 

Clay ville Oneida. 

Clear ( "reek Cliautau(|ua. 

Clermont Columbia. 

Cleveland Oswego. 

Clifton Monroe. 

Clifton Park Saratoga. 

Clifton Springs Ontario. 

Clinton Oneida. 

Clinton Corners Dutchess. 

Clintondale Ulster. 

Clinton HoIIoav — : I )utchess. 

Clinton Mills Clinton. 

Clintonville Clinton. 

Cloekville Madison. 

Clove Dutchess. 

Clove Branch .Junction Dutchess. 

Clove Valley Dutchess. 

Clyde "Wayne. 

Clymer Chautauqua. 

Cobleskill Schoharie. 

Cochecton Sullivan. 

Cochecton Centre Sullivan. 

Coeymans Albany. 

Coey mans Hollow Al bany . 

Coffin's Sunnuit Dutchess. 

Cohocton Steuben. 

Cohoes Albany. 

Coila A\'ashington. 

Colchester Delaware. 

Cold Brook Herkimer. 

Colden Erie. 

Coldenham Orange. 

Cold Spring Putnam. 

Cold Si)ring Harbor Suffolk. 

Cold Water ^Monroe. 

Cole's Milb^ Putnam. 

Collamer ( )nondaga. 

College Point Queens. 

CoUiersville Otsego. 

Collingwood Onondaga. 

Collins Erie. 



Collins Centre ...' Erie. 

Collinsville Lewis. 

Colman Station I )utchess. 

Colossc Oswego. 

Colton St. Lawrenee. 

Columbia Herkimer. 

Columbus Chenango. 

Commack Sulfolk. 

Community ^hidison . 

Comstock's W^ashington. 

Conesus Livingston. 

Conesus Cent re Livingston. 

Conesville Scholiarie. 

Conewango Cattaraugus. 

Conewango A^alley Cattaraugus. 

Conklin Centre Broome. 

Conkling Forks Broome. 

Conklingvillc Saratoga. 

Conklin Station Broome. 

Connecticut Tioga . 

Conquest Cayuga. 

Constable ville Lewis. 

Constant ia Osweoo. 

Constantia Centre Oswego. 

Cooksburgh Albany. 

Cook's Corners Franklin. 

Coomer Niagara. 

Coomer Station , Niagara. 

Cooper's Plains Steuben. 

COOPERSTOWN(c.h.) Otsego. 

Coopersville Clinton. 

Copake Columbia. 

Copake Iron A\^:»rks Columbia. 

Copenhagen Lewis. 

Coram Sutiblk. 

Corbettsville Broome. 

Corfu Genesee. 

Corinth Saratoga. 

CORNING (c.h.) Steuben. 

Cornwall Orange. 

Cornwall-on-the-Hudson Orange. 

Cornwall ville Greene. 

Corona Queens. 

CORTLAND (c. h.j ..Cortland. 

Cortland on Hudson Westchester. 

Cottage Cattaraugus. 

Cotton's Madison. 

County Earn 1 Orange. 

County Line Niagara. 

Coventrv Chenango. 



90 



STATE OF NEW YOHK. 



Coventry ville Clienango. 

Covert fSeneca. 

Coveville Saratoga. 

Covington Wyoming. 

Cowlesville A\'y oming. 

Coxsackie Greene. 

Coxsackie Station Columbia. 

Craft's Putnam. 

Craigsville Orange. 

Cranberry Creek Fulton. 

Crandell s Corners Washington. 

Cranesville Montgomery. 

Crary 's Mills St. Lawrence. 

Crary ville Columbia. 

Crawford Ulster. 

Creedmoor (Queens. 

Creek Centre ^\' arren. 

Creek Locks bolster. 

Crescent Saratoga. 

Crittenden Erie. 

Croghan Lewis. 

Cronomer's Valley Orange. 

Cropsey ville Rensselaer. 

Cross River AVestchester. 

Croton Delaware. 

Croton Falls Westchester. 

Croton Lake Westchester. 

Croton Landing M'estchester. 

Crouse's Store Dutchess. 

Crown Point Essex. 

Crown Point Centre Essex. 

Crumb Hill Madison. 

Crum Creek Fulton. 

Crum Elbow Dutchess, 

Cry st al Spring Yates. 

Cuba.. Allegany. 

Cuddebackville < )range. 

Culver's Point Cayuga. 

Curtis Steuben. 

Cutchogue Suflblk. 

Cuyler Cortland. 

Cuylervillc T>i vingston. 

Dairyland Ulster. 

Dale \\'yoming. 

Dalton Livingston. 

Danby Tompkins. 

Dannemora Clinton. 

J)ansvillc Li vingston. 

Danube Herkimer. 



Darieii Genecee. 

Darien Centre Genesee. 

Davenport I )elaware. 

Davenport Centre Delaware. 

Day Saratoga . 

Daysville Oswego, 

Dayton ( attaraugus. 

Dean's Corners Saratoga. 

Deansville (Jneida. 

De Bruce Sullivan. 

Decatur Otsego. 

Deertield ( )neida. 

Deer Park Suffolk, 

Deer River Lewis, 

Defreestville Rensselaer. 

De Kalb St. Lawrence. 

De Kalb Junction St. Lawrence. 

Delancv Delaware. 

DELHMc.h.) Delaware. 

Delphi ( )nondaga. 

Delta Oneida. 

Denison Flerkimer. 

Denmark Lewis, 

Denning Ulster. 

Depauville .Jefferson. 

De Peyster St. Lawrence. 

Deposit Broome. 

Derby Erie. 

De Ruyter Madison. 

Devereux Station Cattaraugus. 

De Witt Onondaga . 

De Witt Centi'c Onondaga. 

De Wittville ( 1iautau(pia. 

Dexter Jefferson. 

I )exterville Oswego. 

Dey"s Landing Seneca. 

] )iana Lewis. 

] )ickinson l"'ranklin. 

Dickinson Centre I 'ranklin. 

Divine's Corners; Sullivan. 

Dix Oneida. 

] )obbs P^erry A\'estchester. 

] )ora ville Broome. 

] )ormansville Albany. 

] )oty 's Corner Steuben . 

Dover Furnace Dutchess. 

Dover Plains Dutchess. 

Downsville Delaware. 

Dresden Yates. 

] )resden Centre A\'ashiugton. 




SARATOGA LAKE. 




TKENTON FALLS. 



92 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 



Dresden Station... Washington. 

Dresserville ( "ayuga. 

Drowned Lands Ulster. 

Dry Brook Ulster. 

Dryden Tompkins. 

Duane Franklin. 

Diianesburgli Schenectady. 

] )ugway Oswego. 

Dundee Yates. 

Dunham's Basin Washington. 

"Dunkirk Chautauqua. 

Dunn l^rook Oneida. 

Dunnsville Albany. 

Durham Greene. 

Durham ville Oneida. 

Dutchess Junction Dutchess. 

Dwaar's Kill Ulster. 

Dy keman's Pu tnam. 

Eagle Bridge Rensselaer. 

Eagle Harbor Orleans. 

Eagle Mills Rensselaer. 

Eagle Village Wyoming. 

Earl Yates. 

Earlvillc Madison. 

East Amherst Erie. 

East Arcade Wyoming. 

East Ashford Cattaraugus. 

East Aurora Erie. 

East Avon Jivingston. 

East Beekmantown ( 'linton. 

East Berkshire Tioga. 

East Berne Al bany . 

East Bethany Genesee. 

East Bloomtield Ontario. 

East Bloomfield Station Ontario. 

East ] )Oston Madison. 

East Branch Delaware. 

East Camp ('olumbia. 

East Campbell.. Steuben. 

East Carlton Orleans. 

East Chatham Columbia. 

East Chester Westchester. 

East Clarence Erie. 

East Cobleskill Schoharie. 

East Coldenhani Orange. 

East Concord Ya-'iq. 

East Constable Franklin. 

East Creek ITerkimer. 

East Dickinson Franklin. 



East Durham Greene. 

East Eden Erie. 

East Elba Genesee. 

East Elma Erie. 

East Elmira Chemung. 

Ea.'it Evans Erie. 

East Fishkill Dutchess. 

East Florence Oneida. 

East Freetown Cortland. 

East Gaines Orleans. 

East Gainesvil ! ( ■ Wyoming. 

East Gal way Saratoga. 

East Genoa Cayuga. 

East German Chenango. 

East Glenville Schenectady. 

East Granger Allegany. 

East Greenbush Rensselaer. 

East Greenwich AVashington. 

East Groveland Livingston. 

East Guilford C 'henango. 

East Hamburgh Erie. 

East Hamilton.- Madison. 

East Hamlin Monroe. 

East Hampton Sutiblk. 

East Llinsdale Queens. 

East Homer Cortlan d. 

East Java Wyoming. 

East Jewett Greene. 

East Kendall Orleans. 

East Koy A\'y oining. 

East Lansing Tom})kins. 

East Leon Cattaraugus. 

East Line Saratoga. 

East ]\IcDonough Chenango. 

East Maine Broome. 

East Marion Sutiblk. 

East ]\Lirtinsburgl i Lewis. 

Ea.^t ^Lason ville I )ela ware. 

East Mered it h J )ela ware. 

East Moriches Sutiblk. 

East Nassau Rensselaer. 

East New York Kings. 

East Nichols Tioga. 

East Norwich... Queens. 

East Oaktield < ienesee. 

East on Washington. 

East Oranoeville Wvoming. 

Ea.st Otto.^ Cattaraugus. 

East Palermo ( )swego. 

East Palm vra A\'a vne. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



93 



East Park Dutchess. 

East ratcliogiu' Suffolk. 

East Pembroke Genesee. 

East Penfield Monroe. 

East I*harsalia Chenango. 

East Pike Wyoming. 

I^ast Pitcairn St. Lawrence. 

lOast I *( )cstenkill Kcnssehicr. 

I'.astport Suffolk. 

Joast Kandolpli ( 'attaraugus. 

East K i ver Cortland . 

East Kockaway (Queens. 

East Pvodman Jefferson. 

East Salem Washington. 

]']ast Schodack Rensselaer. 

ICast Schuyler Herkimer. 

East Scott Cortland. 

East Seneca Erie. 

East Setauket Suffolk. 

East Shelby Orleans. 

East S{)ringtield Otsego. 

East Steamburgh. Schuyler. 

East Steuben Oneida. 

East Syracuse (Jnondaga. 

East Troupsburgh Steuben. 

East A'arick Seneca. 

East A'enice Cayuga. 

East A'irgil Cortland. 

East AVatertown Jefferson. 

East Williamson Wayne. 

East Williston Queens. 

East Wilson Niagara. 

East "Windham Greene. 

East AVindsor Broome. 

East AVorcester Otsego. 

Eaton Aladison. 

Eatonville Herkimer. 

Ebenezer Erie. 

Eddytown Yates. 

Eddy vi lie Cattaraugus. 

Eden Erie. 

Edcnton St. Eawrence. 

Eden \"alley :,... Erie. 

Edenville Orange. 

Edgewood Greene. 

Edinburgh Saratosra. 

Edmeston Otsego. 

Edwards St. Lawrence. 

Ed wardsville St. Lawrence. 

Eggertsville Erie. 



Egypt Alonroe. 

Elba Genesee. 

Elbridge Onondaga. 

Eldred Sullivan. 

Elgin ( attaraugus. 

ELIZABETHTOWN (c hi Essex 

Elizaville ( olumbia. 

Elk Creek Otsego. 

EUenburgh ( linton. 

Ellcnburgh Centre Clinton. 

EUenburgh Depot ( 'linton. 

Ellenville Ulster. 

Ellerv ( 'hautaucjua. 

Ellicott Erie. 

EUicottsvillc ( attaraugus. 

Ellington (1 lautauq ua. 

Ellisburgh Jefferson. 

Elma Eri e. 

El ma Centre Erie. 

ELMIRA (c.h.) Chemung. 

Elmsford Westchester. 

Elton ( attaraugus. 

Elwood Suffolk. 

Emerson ( ayuga. 

Eminence Scholiarie. 

Emmonsburgh Eulton. 

Enfield Centre Tompkins. 

Ephratah Eulton. 

Erieville Aladison, 

Erin ( 'hemung. 

Erwin Steuben. 

Erwin Centre Steuben. 

Esopus Ulster. 

Esperance Schoharie. 

Essex Essex . 

Etna Tompkins. 

Euclid ( )nondaga. 

Eureka Sullivan. 

Evans Erie. 

Evans' Mills Jefferson. 

Exeter Otsego. 

Fabius Onondaga. 

Factory villo Tioga. 

Fair Dale OjSwego. 

Fairfield Herkimer. 

Fair Haven Cayuga. 

Fair Mount Onondaga. 

Fair Oaks Orange. 

Fai r] »ort Alonroe. 




MAGEE HOUSE, WATKINS. 







STATE OF NEW YORK. 



!».-) 



F'airvicw ( attaraugus. 

Fairville Wayne. 

Falconer ('liantau(|na. 

Fallsbui'uli Sullivan. 

Falls IMi'll Sullivan. 

Farmer's Mills Putnam. 

J'^armersville ( "attarauo;us. 

i'^armersville Stat ion.... Cattaraugus. 

Farmer A'illage Seneca. 

l'\irming(lale (Queens. 

Farmington ( )ntario. 

J'^arnham Erie. 

J*'ar Ivockaway (Queens. 

Fayette Seneca. 

Fayetteville Onondaga. 

Felt's Mills Jefferson. 

Fenner ^ladison. 

FentonvilK ( hautauqua. 

Ferenbaugli Steuben. 

Ferguson's ( 'oi'iic]':; Yates. 

Fergu.son ville ] )elaware. 

Ferrona Clinton. 

Fillmore Allegany. 

Findlcy 's Lake Chautauqua. 

Fine St. Lawrence. 

Fire Island Suffolk. 

Fish Creek Oneida. 

Fishers Ontario. 

Fishers L'land Suffolk. 

Fishers Landing .Jefferson. 

Fishkill Dutchess. 

Fishkill-on-tho-Hudson .... Dutchess. 

Fishkill Plains Dutchess. 

Fish's Eddy Delaware. 

Five Corners Cayuga. 

Flack ville St. Lawrence. 

Flanders Suffolk. 

Flatbrook ( \ )lumbia. 

Flatbush Kings. 

Flat Creek Montgomery. 

Flatlands Kings. 

Fleming Cayuga. 

Flcmingsville Tioga. 

Flint Creek Ontario. 

Florence (Oneida. 

Florida Orange. 

Floyd Oneida. 

Flushnig Queens. 

Fluvanna ( 'hautauqua. 

Fly Creek Otsego. 



Fly Moun t ai 1 ) [ dster. 

Fly Summit Washington . 

Folsomdale Wvoming. 

FONDA (c. h.^ Montgomery. 

Fordham"*' New York. 

Forest Clinton. 

Forestburgli Sullivan. 

Forest Llome Tompkins. 

Forestport Oneida. 

Forestville Chautauqua. 

Fort Ann Washington . 

Fort Covington Franklin. 

Fort Covington Centre Franklin. 

Fort Edward Washington. 

Fort Hamilton Kings. 

Fort Hunter Montgomery. 

Fort Jackson St. I^awrence. 

Fort Miller Washington. 

Fort Montgomcr}- Orange. 

Fort Plain Montgomery. 

Fortsville Saratoga. 

Fosterdale Sullivan . 

Foster's Meadow .Queens. 

Fostervillo Cayuga. 

Four Mile Cattaraugus. 

Fowler St. Lawrence. 

Fowlerville c Living.ston . 

Frankfort Herkimer. 

Frankfort Hill Herkimer. 

Franklin Delaware. 

Franklin Depot Delaware. 

Franklin Falls Franklin. 

Franklin h'on Works Oneida. 

Franklinton Schoharie. 

Franklin ville ( 'attaraugns. 

Fredonia Chautauqua. 

Freedom ( 'attaraugus. 

Freedom Plains Dutchess. 

Freehold Greene. 

Freeport Queens. 

Freetown C "orntM-s Cortland. 

Freeville , Tom pkins. 

Fremont Centre Sullivan . 

French Creek Chautauqua . 

French Mountai 1 1 Warren . 

Fresh Pond Suffolk. 

Frewsburgh ( 'hautauqua . 

Frey 's Busli Montgomery. 

Friendshi j ) Allegany. 

* Branch of the New York Post Office. 



96 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Frontier Clinton. 

Frui t Valley Oswego. 

Fuller's Station Alban}'. 

Fullerville Iron Wks,.St. Lawrence. 

Fulmer A'alle y Allegany. 

Fulton Oswego. 

Fultonhani Schoharie. 

l-\;ltonville Montgomery. 

Furnaceville Wayne. 

Gage Yates. 

Gaines < )rleans. 

(.hiinesvillc Wyoming. 

Galeville Mills ^ Ulster. 

Gallatinville < 'olumbia. 

Gallupvillc Schoharie. 

Gal way Saratoga. 

Gang Mills Herkimer. 

Gansevoort Saratoga. 

Garbutt Monroe. 

Garden City Queens. 

Garden ville Erie. 

Gardiner lister. 

Gardner's Corners Lewis. 

Garfield Rensselaer. 

Garnervillc Rockland. 

Garoga Fulton. 

Garrattsvillc Otsego. 

Garrison's Putnam. 

Gaskill's ( brners Tioga. 

Gasport Niagara. 

Gates Monroe. 

Gayhead Greene. 

Gay ville Oswego. 

Geddes < )nondaga. 

GENESEO (c. h.i Livingston. 

Geneva Ontario. 

Genoa Cayuga. 

Georgetown Ma<lison. 

German Chenango. 

Germantown ( olumbia. 

Gerry ( hautauc [ua . 

Getzville Erie. 

Ghent ( 'oluml)ia. 

Gibson Steulx'U. 

( Jibson ville Livingston. 

Gifford St-henectady. 

( lill )ert's Mills Oswego. 

Gilbertsville Otsego. 

Gilboa Schoharie. 



Gilman's Depot Sullivan. 

Glasco Ulster. 

Glen Montgomery. 

Glen Aubrey Broome. 

Glen Castle Broome. 

Glencoe Mills ( 'olumbia. 

Glen Cove Queens. 

Glendale Station . Queens. 

Glenham JXitchcss. 

Glen Haven Cayuga. 

Glen Head Queens. 

Glenmore Oneida. 

Glenora Yates. 

Glensdale Lewis. 

Glens Falls AVarren. 

Glen Spey Sullivan. 

Glenville Schenectadv. 

Glen Wild Sullivan. 

Glenwood Erie. 

Gloversville Fulton. 

Goddefrav Orange. 

Goti^'s Mills Steuben. 

Golden's Bridge Westchester. 

Good Ground Suftolk . 

Goodhue Lake Steuben. 

Goody ear's Cayuga. 

(Jorluim Ontario, 

GOSHENle.h.) Orange. 

Gouverneur St. Lawrence. 

Gowanda ( 'attaraugus. 

Grafton Ivcn.^selaer. 

(Jrahamsville Sullivan. 

( iranby Centre ( )swego. 

Grand Gorge Delaware. 

Grand Island Erie. 

Irrand \\q\\ on Hudson... Rockland. 

Ciranger Allegany. 

Grant Herkimer. 

( Irant's Mills Delaware. 

( ! ranville Washington. 

Cnr.peville Greene. 

Grassy Point Rockland. 

Gravesend Kings. 

Gravesville Herkimer. 

Gray I lerkimer. 

Great Ben d .TeiYerson. 

Great Neck (Queens. 

Great "Walley ( 'attaraugus. 

Greece Monroe. 

Greenborough Oswego. 




'"^''i''JS.>.H,^ 



FRANKLIN HOUSE, GENEVA. 




GENEVA HYGIENIC INSTITCTE. 



m 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 



Greene Chenango. 

Greenfield Ulster. 

Greenfield Centre' Saratoga. 

Green Haven Dutchess. 

Green Island Albany. 

Green Lawn Sufiblk. 

Green Point* Kings. 

Greenport Sufiblk. 

Green Kidge Ilichmond. 

Green River Columbia. 

Greenville Greene. 

Greenwich Washington. 

Greenwood Steuben. 

Greenwood Iron Works Orange. 

Greenwood Lake Orange. 

Greig Lewis. 

Greigsville Livingston. 

Griffin Hamilton. 

Griffin's Corners Delaware. 

Griffin's Mills Erie. 

Griswold's Mills.. Washington. 

Grooms Corners Saratoga. 

CJroton Tompkins. 

Groton City Tompkins. 

Groveland Livingston. 

Grovenor's Corners Schoharie. 

Guilderland Albany. 

Guilderland Centre Albany. 

Guilderland Station Albany. 

Guilford Chenango. 

Guilford Centre Chenango. 

Gulf Summit Broome. 

Gulick Ontario. 

Guymard ( )rangc. 

Gypsum Ontario. 

Iladley Saratoga. 

Hagaman's Mills Montgomery. 

Ilagedorn's Mills Saratoga. 

Plague M'arren. 

Ilailesborough St. Lawrence. 

Ilalcott Centre ( Jreene. 

Ilalcottsville Delaware. 

Hale's Eddy Delaware. 

Half ]\Ioon Saratoga. 

Half Way Onondaga. 

Hall's Corners Ontario. 

Hall's ]\[ills Sullivan. 

Ilallsport Allegany. 

* Branch of the Brookljn Post OflSce. 



Hallsville ^Montgomery. 

Halsey Valley Tioga. 

Ilambletville Delaware. 

Hamburgh Erie. 

Hamden Delaware. 

Hamilton Madison. 

I lamlet Chautauc;[ua. 

Hamlin Monroe. 

Hammond St. Lawrence. 

IIammonds])ort Steuben. 

I lammondvillc Essex. 

Ham})shire Steuben. 

Hampton Washington. 

Hancock Delaware. 

Ilankins Sullivan. 

Ilannaway Falls St. Lawrence. 

Hannibal Oswego. 

Hannibal Centre Oswego. 

Harbor Herkimer. 

Hardy's Wyoming. 

Harford Cortland. 

Harford INIills Cortland. 

Harlem* Xew York. 

Ilarlemvillc Columbia. 

■ Harmony Chautauc[ua- 

Plarpersficld Delaware. 

Harpers ville Broome. 

Harrisburgh Lewis. 

II a r r i s II i 11 Erie. 

Harrison Westchester. 

PTarris villo Lewis. 

Hartfield Chautauc{ua. 

Hartford Washington. 

Hartland Niagara. 

Hart Lot Onondaga. 

Plartsdale Westchester. 

Hart's Falls Rensselaer, 

Hartwick Otsego. 

Plartwick Seminary Otsego. 

Hartwood Sullivan. 

Harvard Delaware. 

Ilasbrouck Sullivan. 

Haskell Flats Cattaraugus. 

Haskin ville .Steuben. 

Hastings Oswego. 

Plast ings ( "ent re Oswego. 

Ilastings-upon-IIudson.Westchester. 

Hatfield St. Lawrence. 

Hauppauge Suffolk. 

* Branch of the Xew York Post Office. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



99 



Havana Schuyler. 

Huverstraw llockland. 

Hawkiiisvillo Oneida. 

Ilawlevton .Broome. 

Ilaynersville Rensselaer. 

Ilayt's Corners Seneca. 

Hebron Washington. 

Hccla A\"orks Oneida. 

Hector Schuyler. 

Hedgesville Steuben. 

Heldcrburgl i Albany. 

Helena St. Lawrence. 

Plemlock Lake Livingston. 

Hempstead Queens. 

Henderson Jetferson. 

Hendy Oreek ( 'hemung. 

Henrietta jMonroe. 

Llensonville Greene. 

HERKIMER (e.h^ Herkimer. 

Hermitage AVyoming. 

Hermon St. Lawrence. 

Pless Koad Station Niagara. 

Heuvelton St. Lawrence. 

Plewittville St. Lawrence. 

Hibernia Dutchess. 

Hickory Corners Niagara. 

Llicks Chemung. 

LLicksville Queens. 

Higginsville Oneida. 

High Bridge''^ New York. 

High Falls Ulster. 

Highland Ulster. 

Highland Falls Orange. 

Highland Mills Orange. 

Highlands Station Putnam. 

High Market Lewis. 

High Woods Ulster. 

Hill's Branch Cayuga. 

Hillsdale Columbia. 

Hill View Warren. 

Hilton ville Allegany. 

Himrod's Yates. 

Hindsburgli ( )rleans. 

Ilinmansville Oswego. 

Hinsdale Cattaraugus. 

Hoag's Corner Rensselaer. 

Hobart Delaware. 

Hoftman's Ferry Schenectady. 

Hogansburgh Franklin. 

* Branch of the Xcw York Post OflSce. 



Holbrook Suffolk. 

I Tolland Erie. 

Holland Patent Oneida. 

HoUey Orleans. 

I lollowville Columbia. 

Holmesville Chenango. 

Holtsville Suffolk. 

Homer Cortland. 

Homowack Ulster. 

Honeoye Ontario. 

Honeoye Falls Monroe. 

Hooper Broome. 

Hooper's A^alley Tioga. 

Hoosick Rensselaer. 

Lloosick Falls Rensselaer. 

Hope Hamilton. 

Hope Falls Hamilton. 

Hopewell Ontario. 

Hopewell Centre Ontario. 

Hopewell Junction Dutchess. 

Hopkinton St. Lawrence. 

Horicon Warren. 

Hornby Steuben. 

Hornellsville Steuben. 

Horseheads Chemung. 

Lloughton Creek Allegany. 

Llouseville Lewis. 

Howard Steuben. 

Ho ward ville Oswego. 

Howell's Depot ( h-ange. 

Howe's Cave Schoharie. 

Howlct Hill Onondaga. 

IIubl)ardsville Madison. 

HUDSON (e.h.) Columbia. 

Hughsonvillc Dutchess. 

Huguenot Orange. 

Hulburton Orleans. 

Hulett's Landing Washington. 

Hull's Mills Dutchess. 

Hume Allegany. 

Humphrey Cattaraugus. 

Hum})hrey Centre Cattaraugus. 

Hum})lireysville Columbia. 

Hunter Greene. 

Hunter's Land Schoharie. 

Huntington Suffolk. 

Hunt's Livingston. 

Hunt's Corners Cortland. 

Hurley Ulster. 

Hurlev ville Sullivan. 




^'^ITHBlioS.PHILA. -^=^= -.-T^ 



CANANDAIGUA HOTEL. 




NEW YORK STATE INSANE ASYLUM, AT WILLARD. 



STATE OF NEW YOnK. 



101 



Huron Wa^nie. 

Hiisteds Dutchess. 

Hyde Park Dutches-. 

Hvndsville Schoharie. 

Idlcwild Orange. 

Ilion Herkimer. 

Independence Allegany. 

Indian Falls Genesee. 

Indian Fields Albany. 

Indian Lake Hamilton. 

Indian River Lewis. 

Ingalls' Crossing Oswego. 

Ingham's Mills Herkimer. 

Ingraham Clinton. 

Ira Cayuga. 

Ira Station Cayuga. 

Ireland's Mills Chenango. 

Irona Clinton. 

Irondale Dutchess. 

Iron Junction Dutchess. 

Ironville Essex. 

Irving Chautauqua. 

Irvington Westchester. 

Ischua Cattaraugus. 

Islip Sutlblk. 

Italy Hill Yates. 

Italy Hollow Yates. 

ITHACA (c. h.) Tompkins. 

Jackson Corners Dutchess. 

Jacksonville Tompkins. 

Jack 's Reef. Onon daga . 

JAMAICA (c. 1 1 .) Queens. 

Jamesport Suflblk. 

Jamestown Chautauc{ua. 

Jamesville Onondaga. 

Jasper Steuben. 

Java AVyoming. 

Java Village Wyoming. 

Jay Essex. 

Jeddo Orleans. 

Jefferson Schoharie. 

Jefferson A^alley A\"estchcster. 

Jeffcrsonville Sullivan. 

Jenksville Tioga. 

Jericho Queens. 

Jerome Westchester. 

Jerusalem Albany. 

Jewett Greene. 



Jewett Centre Greene. 

■Johnsburgh Warren. 

.Johnsonburgh Wyoming. 

.fol 1 nson's Orange. 

Johnson's Creek Niagara. 

Johnsonville Rensselaer. 

JOHNSTOWN (c. h.) Fulton. 

.Johnsville Dutchess. 

Jonesville Saratoga. 

Jordan Onondaga. 

Jordanville Herkimer. 

Joy Wayne. 

Junius Seneca. 

Kanona. . Steuben. 

Karner Albany. 

Kasoag Oswego. 

Katonah Westchester. 

Kattelville Broome. 

Ivattsk ill Bay Warren . 

Keek's Centre Fulton. 

Keefer's Corners Albany. 

Keene Essex. 

Keene Valley Essex. 

Keeneville St. Lawrence. 

Keeney's Settlement Cortland. 

Keeseville Essex. 

Kelloggsville ( ayuga. 

Kelly's Corners Delaware. 

Kendaia Seneca. 

Kendall Orleans. 

Kendall Mills Orleans. 

Kendall Station Chemung. 

Kennedy Chautauqua. 

Kensico Westchester. 

Kent Cliffs Putnam. 

Kenyon ville Orleans. 

Kerhoukson LTster. 

Ketchum 's Corners Saratoga. 

Ketchumville Tioga. 

Kiantone Chautauqua. 

Kidder's Ferry Seneca. 

Killawog Broome. 

Kill Buck Cattaraugus. 

Kinderhook ( 'olumbia. 

Kingsborough Fulton. 

Kingsbridge* New York. 

Kingsbury Washington. 

King's Ferry Cayuga. 

* Branch of the Xew York Post Office. 



102 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



KINGSTON (c. h.) .Ulster. 

KimKy's Four Corners Oswego. 

Kirkland Oneida. 

Kirkville Onondaga. 

Kirkwood Broome. 

Kirk wood Centre Broome. 

Kirsehnerville Lewis. 

Kiskatom Greene. 

Knapp's Creek Cattaraugus. 

Knowcrsville Albany. 

Knowlesville Orleans. 

Knox Albany. 

Knoxboro ( )neida. 

Kortriglit Delaware. 

Kuckville Orleans. 

Kyserike Ulster. 

Lackawack Ulster. 

Lacona Oswego. 

La Uargeville Jefferson. 

La Fayette Onondaga. 

La Fayctteville.' Dutchess. 

La Grange Wyoming. 

La ( Irangeville Dutchess. 

Lairdsvi lie Oneida. 

Lake Washington. 

Lake 1 )ekvwarc Delaware. 

LAKE GEORGE (c. h.) Warren. 

Lake Grove Suffolk. 

LakeHill Ulster. 

Lakeport Madison. 

Lake Ridge Tompkins. 

Lake RoacI Niagara. 

Lake Side AVayne. 

Lake A'ie w Erie. 

Lakeville Livingston. 

Lake Wnccalnic Westchester. 

Lakewood Chautauqua. 

Lamb's Corners Broome. 

Lamson's < )nondaga. 

Lancaster Erie. 

Lanesville Greene. 

Langlbrd Erie. 

Lansing Oswego. 

Lansingburgh liensselaer. 

Lansingville Tompkins. 

Laona ( 'hautauqua. 

Lapeer ( 'ortland. 

Larchmont Westchester. 



La Salle Niagara. 

Lasellsville Fulton. 

Laurel Hill (Queens. 

Laurens Otsego. 

Lawrence Schuyler. 

Lawrence Station Queens. 

Lawrenceville St. Lawrence. 

Lawton Orange. 

Lawton Station Erie. 

Lawyersville Schoharie. 

Lebanon Madison. 

Lebanon Lake Sullivan. 

Lebanon Springs Columljia. 

Ledyard Cayuga. 

Lee Oneida. 

Lee Centre Oneida. 

Leeds Greene. 

Leedsville Dutchess. 

Le Fever Falls Ulster. 

Lenox Madison. 

Leon ( 'attaraugus. 

Leonards ville Madison. 

Leptondale Orange. 

Le Kaysville .Jefferson. 

Le I^oy Genesee. 

Levanna Cayuga. 

LeAvis J^ssex. 

Lewisborough Westchester. 

Lewiston Niagara. 

Lexington Greene. 

Ley den Lewis. 

Liberty Sullivan. 

Liberty Falls Sullivan. 

Liberty ville Ulster. 

Lima Livingston. 

Limerick Jefferson. 

Limestone ( 'attaraugus. 

Lincklaen ( 'henango. 

Lincklaen Centre ( 'henango. 

Lincoln Wayne. 

Linden Genesee. 

Lindley Steuben. 

Linlithgo ( 'olumbia. 

Lisbon St. Lawrence. 

Lisbon Centre St. Lawrence. 

Lisha's Kill Albany. 

Lisle Broome. 

Litchfield Herkimer. 

Lithgow Dutchess. 

Little Falls Herkimer. 




SAGE COLLEGE — COKNELL UNIVERSITY. 



IT 




CORNELL UNIVERSITY AND CHAPEL. 



104 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Little France Oswego. 

Little Genesee Allegany. 

Little Neck Queens. 

Little Rest Dutchess. 

Little Utica Onondaga. 

LITTLE VALLEY (c h.i Cattaraugus. 

Little York Cortland. 

Liverpool Onondaga. 

Livingston Columbia. 

Livingstonvillc Schoharie. 

Livonia Livingston. 

Livonia Station Livingston. 

Loch ]VIuller Essex. 

Loch Sheldrake Sullivan. 

Lock Berlin Wayne. 

Locke. Cayuga. 

LOCKPORT (c. h.) Niagara. 

Lock wood Tioga. 

Locust Grove Lewis. 

Locust Valley Queens. 

Lodi Seneca. 

Lodi Centre Seneca. 

Logan Schuyler. 

Long Eddy Sullivan. 

Long Island City Queens. 

Long Lake Hamilton. 

Long Year Ulster. 

Loomis Delaware. 

Looneyville Eric. 

Lorclville Delaware. 

Lorraine .Jefferson. 

Lotville Fulton. 

Loudonville Albany. 

Louisville St. Lawrence. 

Louisville ]janding St. Lawrence. 

Lowell Oneida. 

Lowman Chemung. 

LOWVILLE (c. h.) Lewds. 

Loxea Greene. 

Loyd Ulster. 

Ludingtonvillc Putnam. 

Ludlowville Tompkins. 

Lumberville Delaware. 

Lummisville Wayne. 

Luzerne Warren. 

Lvndon ville Orleans. 

LYONS (c.h.) AVayno. 

Lyonsdale Lewis. 

Lyons Falls Lewis. 

Lysander Onondaga. 



[ McClure Settlement Broome. 

McConnellsville Oneida. 

' McDonough Chenango. 

McGrawville Cortland. 

Mclntyre Dutchess. 

McKown ville All )any . 

McLean Tompkins. 

Mabbettsville Dutchess. 

AhicDougall's Seneca. 

]\Iacedon Wayne. 

Macedon Centre AVayne. 

I\Iachias Cattaraugus. 

]\Iacomb St. Lawrence. 

Madalin Duchess. 

Madison Madison. 

Madrid St. Lawrence. 

Madrid Springs St. Lawrence. 

Magee's Corners Seneca. 

Mahopac Putnam. 

Mahopac Falls Putnam. 

Maine Broome. 

Malcom Seneca. 

Maiden Ulster. 

]\Ialden Bridge Columbia. 

A iallorv Oswego. 

MALONE(c.h.) Franklin. 

Malta Saratoga- 
Malta ville Saratoga. 

IMamaroneck Westchester. 

Manchester Ontario. 

Manchester Bridge Dutchess. 

JManchester Centre ( jntario. 

Mandana Onondaga. 

]\Ianhanset House Suffolk. 

Manhasset (Queens. 

]\hinlius Onondaga. 

Manlius Centre Onondaga. 

Manlius Station Onondaga. 

Mannsville Jefferson. 

Manor Kill Schoharie. 

Manorville Suffolk. 

IMansfield Dutchess. 

Maple Grove Otsego. 

Mai)le Street Niagara. 

Mapleton Cayuga. 

Maple Valley Otsego. 

Marathon Cortland. 

Marbletown Ulster. 

Ahircellus Onondaga. 

Marcellus Falls Onondaga. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



105 



Marcy Oneida. 

Marengo Wayne. 

Margarettville I )elawarc. 

Mariaville Hclienectady . 

Marietta Onondaga. 

]\Iarilla Erie. 

Mariner's Harbor Richmond. 

^Marion Wayne. 

Marion ville Onondaga. 

Markhani Cattaraugus. 

Marlborough Ulster. 

Marshlield Erie. 

j\Iarsh ville Montgomery. 

]\Iartindale ])epot (Jolumbia. 

Martinsburgh Lewis. 

Martinsville ]N iagara. 

Martville Cayuga. 

Marvin Chautauqua. 

i\Iaryland Otsego. 

jNIason ville Delaware. 

]\Iaspeth Queens. 

Massena St. Lawrence. 

Massena Centre St. Lawrence. 

Matteawan Dutchess. 

Mattituck Suffolk. 

^layfield Fulton. 

]\Livnard Oneida. 

MAYVILLE (c. h.) Chautauqua. 

j\Iead's Creek Steuben. 

Mechanicsville Saratoga. 

]Mecklenburgh Schuyler. 

Medina Orleans. 

Medusa Albany. 

Medway Greene. 

Mellenville Columbia. 

Melrose Rensselaer. 

Melville Suffolk. 

^Memphis Onondaga. 

Mendon Monroe. 

Mendon Centre ]\Ionroe. 

Merchantville Steuben. 

Meredith Delaware. 

^lereditli Hollow Delaware. 

Meridian Cayuga. 

Merrick Queens. 

Merrick ville Delaware. 

Merrifield Cayuga. 

Merrillsville Franklin. 

Messengerville Cortland. 

Mettacahonts Leister. 



Mexico Oswego. 

Middleburgli Schoharie. 

Middle Falls Washington. 

Middlefield Otsego. 

Middlefield Centre Otsego. 

Middle Granville Washington. 

Middle Grove Saratoga. 

Middle Llope Orange. 

Middle Island Suftblk. 

Middleport Niagara. 

Middlesex Yates. 

Middle Sprite Fulton. 

Middletown ( )range. 

Middle A'illage (Queens. 

Middleville Herkimer. 

Midway Tompkins. 

Milan Dutchess. 

Mile Strip Madison. 

Milford Otsego. 

Millbrook Dutchess. 

Miller's Corners Ontario. 

Miller's Mills Herkimer. 

Miller's Place Suffolk. 

Millersport Erie. 

Millerton Dutchess. 

Mill Grove Erie. 

Mill Point Montgomery. 

Mill Port Chemung. 

Mills' Corners Fulton. 

Mills' Mills Allegany. 

Millville Orleans. 

Milo Centre Yates. 

Milton Ulster. 

Milton Centre Saratoga. 

Mina Chautauqua. 

Minaville Montgomery. 

Minden Montgomery, 

Mine Kill Falls Schoharie. 

Mineola Queens. 

Mineral Springs Schoharie. 

Minerva Essex. 

Minetto Oswego. 

Minevillc Essex. 

Minisink Orange. 

Mitchellsville Steuben. 

Modena Ulster. 

^lofhtts ville Clinton. 

jNIohawk Herkimer. 

Mohawk Hill Lewis. 

Moira Franklin. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



107 



Molino Oswego. 

Mombaccus Ulster. 

Mongaup Sullivan. 

Moiigaup Vallc}' Sullivan. 

Monroe Orange. 

Monroe Works Orange. 

Monsey Rockland. 

Montague Lewis. 

Monterey Schuyler. 

jMontezunui Cayuga. 

Montgomcr V Orange. 

MONTICELLOlc. h.) Sullivan. 

Mont Moor Rockland. 

Montrose Westchester. 

]\Ioodna Orange. 

Mooers Clinton. 

Mooers Forks Clinton. 

Moons Chautauqua. 

Moore's Mill Dutchess. 

]\Ioose River Lewis. 

IMoravia Cayuga. 

Morehouseville Llamilton. 

]\Ioreland Schuyler. 

Morganville Genesee. 

Moriah , Essex. 

Moriah Centre Essex. 

Moriches Suffolk. 

Morley St. Lawrence. 

Morris Otsego. 

Morrisania* New York. 

Morrisoaville Clinton. 

]\Iorristown St. Lawrence. 

MORRISVlLLEfcli.) Madison. 

Morrisville Station Madison . 

INIorsston Depot Sullivan. 

Morton's Corners Erie. 

Moscow Livingston. 

Moses Kill Washington. 

Mosherville Saratoga. 

Mott's Corners Tompkins. 

INIottville ( Jnondaga. 

]Mountain Dale Sullivan. 

Mountainville Orange. 

IMount Hope Orange. 

Mount Kisco Westchester. 

IMount Lebanon Columbia. 

]\Iount Morris Livingston. 

IMount Read IMonroe. 

Mount Riga Dutchess. 

* Branch of the New York Post Office. 



Mount Ross Dutchess. 

Mount Sinai Sufiblk. 

Mount Upton Chenango. 

Mount A'ernon Westchester. 

Mount A^ision Otsego. 

Muitzcskill Rensselaer. 

Mumford Monroe. 

Munson ville Fulton. 

Munsville Madison. 

Murray Orleans. 

Nanuet Rockland. 

Na})anock Ulster. 

Naples Ontario. 

Napoli Cattaraugus. 

Narrowsburgh Sullivan. 

Nashville Chautauqua. 

Nassau Rensselaer. 

Natural Bridge .Jefferson . 

Naumburgh Lewis. 

Navarino Onondaga. 

Neil's Creek Steuben. 

Nelson Madison. 

Neperan Westchester. 

Neversink Sullivan. 

Nevis Columbia. 

New Albion Cattaraugus. 

Newark Wayne. 

Newark A^alley Tioga. 

New Baltimore Oreene. 

New Berlin Chenango. 

New Berlin Centre Chenango. 

New Boston Lewis. 

New Bremen Lewis. 

New Brighton Richmond. 

NEWBURi3H(c.h.) Orange. 

New Castle Westchester. 

New Centreville Oswego. 

NEW CITY (c.h.) Rockland. 

Newcomb Essex. 

New Concord Columbia. 

New Dorp Richmond. 

Newfane Niagara. 

Newfane Station Niagara. 

Newf] eld. Tompkins. 

New Hackensack Dutchess. 

New Hamburgh Dutchess. 

New Hampton Orange. 

New Hartford Oneida. 

New Haven Oswego. 



lUf:5 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



New Hope Ca}-uga. 

New Hudson Allegany. 

New Hurley Ulster. 

New Hyde Park Queens. 

New Kingston Delaware. 

Newkirk Mills Fulton. 

New Lebanon Columbia. 

New Lebanon Centre Columbia. 

New Lisbon Otsego. 

New London Oneida. 

NeAV Milford Orange. 

New Oregon Erie. 

New Paltz Ulster. 

Newport Herkimer. 

New Rochelle Westchester. 

New Russia Essex. 

New Salem Albany. 

New Scotland Albany. 

New Springville liichmond. 

Newton's Corners Hamilton. 

Newtonville Albany. 

Newtown Queens. 

New LTtrecbt Kings. 

Newville Herkimer. 

New Woodstock ]\Iadison. 

NEW YORK (c.h.) New York. 

Stations. 

A, 595 Broadway. 

B, 382 Grand St. 

C, 583 Hudson St. 

D, 4 Coo})er Union. 

E, 405 Eighth Ave. 

F, 550 Third Ave. 

G, 1G07 Broadway. 
H, 1009 Third Axe. 

K, Third Aye. and 8Gth St. 

L. Harlem. 

M. 

Fordham. 

High Bridge. 

Kingsbridgc. 

Morrisania, 3d Aye. cor. 150th St. 

Riyerdale. 

Tremont. 

West Farms. 

New York Mills Oneida. 

Niagara Falls Niagara. 

Nichols Tioga. 

Nicholyille St. Lawrence. 

Nile Allegany. 



Niles Cayuga. 

Nina... Tompkins. 

Nineyeh Broome. 

Niskayuna Schenectady. 

Niyeryille Columbia. 

Norfolk St. Lawrence. 

Northampton , Fulton. 

North Argyle Washington. 

North Bangor P'ranklin. 

North Barton Tioga. 

North Bay Oneida. 

North Bergen Genesee. 

North Blenheim Schoharie. 

North Bloomfield Ontario. 

North Bolton AYarren. 

North Boston Erie. 

North Branch Sulliyan. 

North Bridge water Oneida. 

North Broadalbin Fulton. 

North Brookfield Madison. 

North Cameron Steuben. 

North Castle Westchester. 

North Chatham Columbia. 

North Chemung Chemung. 

North Chili Monroe. 

North Cloye Dutchess. 

North Clymer Chautauqua. 

North Cohocton. Steuben. 

North Colesyille Broome. 

North Collins Erie. 

North Constantia Oswego. 

North Creek Warren. 

North Cuba Allegany. 

North Easton Washington. 

North Edmeston Otsego. 

North Elba Essex. 

North Eyans Erie. 

North Fen ton Broome. 

North Franklin Delaware. 

North Gage Oneida. 

North Gal way Saratoga. 

North Germantowji Columbia. 

North Granyille Washington. 

North G reecc Monroe. 

North Greenfield Saratoga. 

North Cireenwich Washington. 

North Hamden Delaware. 

North I himlin Monroe. 

North Hammond St. LaAvrence. 

North Hannibal Oswego. 




COTTAGE AT SL\ EPNE ON SENECA 




COOK ACADEMY, UAVAXA, N. Y. 



110 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



North Harpersfield Delaware. 

North Hartland Niagara. 

North Hebron Washington. 

North Hector Schuyler. 

North Hillsdale Columbia. 

North Hoosick Renssela:er . 

North Hudson Essex. 

North Huron Wayne. 

North Jasper Steuben. 

North Java Wyoming. 

North Kortright Delaware. 

North Lansing Tompkins. 

North Lawrence St. Lawrence. 

North Litchfield Herkimer. 

North Manlius ( )nondaga. 

North Nassau Kensselaer. 

North Norwich Chenango. 

North Parma Monroe. 

North Pembroke. Genesee. 

North Petersburgh Rensselaer. 

North Pharsalia Chenango. 

North Pitcher Chenango. 

Northport Suffolk. 

North Reading Schuyler. 

* North Ridge... Niagara. 

North Ridgeway Orleans. 

North River Warren. 

North Rose Wayne. 

North Rush Monroe. 

North Russell St. Lawrence. 

North Salem Westchester. 

North Sanford Broome. 

North Scriba... , Oswego. 

North Sparta Livingston. 

North Spencer Tioga. 

North Stephentown Rensselaer. 

North Stockholm St. Lawrence. 

North Tarry town Westchester. 

Northumberland Saratoga. 

Nortl 1 Urbana Steuben. 

Nortli "N^ictory Cayuga. 

Nort hville ..."'. Fidton. 

North ^"olney Oswego. 

North Walton Delaware. 

North Western.... Oneida. 

North Wilna Ti'f ferson. 

North Winiield Herkimer. 

North AVolcott Wayne. 

Norton Hill Greene. 

Norway Herkimer. 



NORWICH (c. h.) Chenango. 

Norwich Corners Herkimer. 

Norwood St. Lawrence. 

Noxon Dutchess. 

Number Four Lewis. 

Nunda Livingston. 

Nyack Rockland. 

Oakdale Station Suftblk. 

Oaktield Genesee. 

Oak Hill Greene. 

Oakland Livingston. 

Oakland ^^alley Sullivan. 

Oak Orchard Orleans. 

Oak l^idge Montgomerv. 

Oak's Corners ( Jntario. 

Oaksville Otsego. 

Obi Allegany. 

Oceanus Queens. 

Odessa Schuyler. 

Ogden Monroe. 

Og(len.sburgh St. Lawrence. 

Ohio Herkimer. 

Ohioville Ulster. 

Olcott Niagara. 

Old Chatham Columbia. 

Old Westbury Queens. 

Olean ( 'attaraugus. 

Olive Ulster. 

Olive Bridge Ulster. 

Olmstedville Essex. 

Omar Jefferson. 

On eida Madison. 

On eida Castle Oneida. 

Oneida Lake ^ladison. 

Oneida Valley Madison. 

Oneonta Otsego. 

Onondaga Onondaga. 

Onondaga Castle Onondaga. 

Onondaga ^'alley Onondaga. 

Onoville ( "attaraugus. 

( )ntario A\'ayne. 

Ontario Centre Wayne. 

Open Meadows ( 'hautauqua. 

Oppenheim Fulton. 

Oranicl Allegany. 

Oran Onondaga. 

Orangcburgh Rockland. 

Orangeport Niagara. 

Orange ville A\'yoming. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Ill 



Oregon Warren. 

Orient Suffolk. 

Oriskany Oneida. 

Oriskany Falls Oneida. 

Orleans Ontario. 

Orleans Four Corners Jefferson. 

Orwell Oswego. 

Osborne Hollow Broome. 

Osborn's Bridge Fulton. 

Osceola Lewis. 

Ossian Livingston. 

OSWEGO (c.h.) Oswego. 

Oswego Centre Oswego. 

Oswego Falls Oswego. 

Otego Otsego. 

Otisco Onondaga. 

Otisco Valley Onondaga. 

Otisville Orange. 

Otsdawa Otsego. 

Otselic .Chenango. 

Otselic Centre Chenango. 

Otto Cattaraugus. 

Ouaquaga Broome. 

Ouleout Delaware. 

OVID (c.h.) Seneca. 

Ovid Centre Seneca. 

Owasco Cayuga. 

wasco Lake Cayuga. 

OWEGO (c. h.) Tioga. 

Owen's Mills Chemung. 

Oxbow Jefferson. 

Oxford Chenango. 

Oxford Depot Orange. 

Oyster Bay Queens. 

Padelford's Ontario. 

Page Brook Chenango. 

Page's Corners Llerkimer. 

Paine's Hollow Herkimer. 

Painted Post Steuben. 

Palatine Bridge ^lontgomery. 

Palenville Greene. 

Palermo Oswego. 

Palisades liockland. 

Palmer Saratoga. 

Palmyra Wayne. 

Pamelia Four Corners Jefferson. 

Panama Chautauqua. 

Paradise Orange. 

Paris Oneida. 



I'arish Oswego. 

Parish ville St. Lawrence. 

Parlshville Centre St. Lawrence. 

Park Chemung. 

Parksville Sullivan. 

Park ville Kino-s. 

Parma Monroe. 

Parma Centre Monroe. 

Patchin Erie. 

Patchogue Suffolk. 

Patten's Mills Washington. 

Patterson Putnam. 

Pattersonville Schenectady. 

Paul Smith 's Frankl i n. 

Pavilion Genesee. 

Pavilion Centre Genesee. 

Pawling Dutchess. 

Pearl Creek Wyoming. 

Pearl River liockland. 

Pearsall's Queens. 

Peasleeville Clinton. 

Peconic Suffolk. 

Peekskill Westchester. 

Pekin Niagara. 

Pelham Westchester. 

Pelham IVIanor W^estchester. 

Pelhamville Westchester. 

Pembroke Genesee. 

Pendleton Niagara. 

Pendleton Centre Niagara. 

Penfield Monroe. 

Pennell ville Oswego. 

PENNYAN(c.h.) Yates. 

Peoria Wyoming. 

Pepacton Delaware. 

Perch Piver Jefferson. 

Pcrkinsville Steuben. 

Perry A\\vom i ng. 

Perry Centre Wyoming. 

Perry City Schuyler. 

Perrysburgh Cattaraugus. 

Perry's Mills Clinton. 

Perry ville Madison. 

Persia Cattaraugus. 

Perth Fulton. 

Peru Clinton. 

Peruville Tompkins. 

Peterborougli .INIadison. 

Petersburgh Rensselaer. 

Petrie's Corners Lewis. 




COKMMr GLASS WORKS— THE CUTTING DEPARTMENT. 



.^^^^fl 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



n;] 



Petrolia Allegany. 

Pharsalia Cheiiaiigo. 

Phelps Ontario. 

Philadelphia Jellerson. 

Phi llil)'s Creek Allegany. 

Phillipsport Sullivan. 

Philmont.. Columbia. 

Phaaiicia Ulster. 

Phuenix Oswego. 

Phaniix Mills Otsego. 

Pieree's Monroe. 

Piermont Roekland. 

Pierrcpont St. Lawrence. 

Pierrepont IManor J efferson. 

Piffard Livingston. 

Pike ^^^•onl ing. 

Pike Pond Sullivan. 

Pikeville Allegany. 

Pillar Point Jefferson, 

Pinckney Lewis. 

Pine Bush Orange. 

PineCitv Chemung. 

Pine Hill Ulster. 

Pine Island Orange. 

Pine Lake Fulton. 

Pilic Plains Dutchess. 

Pino A'alley Chemung. 

Pi ne AVoods Madison. 

Piseco Hamilton. 

Pitcairn St. Lawrence. 

Pitcher Chenango. 

Pitcher Springs Chenango. 

Pittsfield Otsego. 

Pittsford Monroe. 

Pittstown Rensselaer. 

Plainfield Centre Otsego. 

Plainvillc Onondaga. 

Plank Road Onondaga. 

Piatt Clove Greene. 

Plattekill Ulster. 

PLAHSBURGH (c. h.j Clinton. 

Pleasant Brook Otsego. 

Pleasant Plains Dutchess. 

Pleasant Ridge Dutchess. 

Pleasant Valley Dutchess. 

Pleasantvillc Westchester. 

Pleasantville Station Westchester. 

Ple.ssis Jefferson. 

Ploughs Tompkins. 

Plymouth Chenango. 



Poelsburgh Col umbia. 

Poestenkill Ren.sselaer. 

Point Au Rock Clinton. 

Point Chautauqua Chautau(|ua. 

Point Peninsula Jefferson. 

Point Rock Oneida. 

Poland Herkimer. 

Poland Centre Chautauc jua. 

Pomona Rock 1 and. 

Pompey Onondaga. 

Pompey Centre Onondaga. 

Pond Eddy Sullivan. 

Poney Hollow Tompkins. 

Pontiac Erie. 

Poolville Madison. 

Poi)e's Mills St. Lawrence. 

Poplar Ridge Cayuga. 

Portage ville Wyoming. 

Port Byron Cayuga. 

Port Chester Westchester. 

Port ( 'rane Broome. 

Port Dickinson Broome. 

Porter's Corners Saratoga. 

Porterville Erie. 

Port Ewen Ulster- 
Port Gibson Ontario. 

Port Henry Essex. 

Port Jackson Montgomery. 

Port Jefferson Suffolk. 

Port Jervis Orange. 

Port Kent Essex. 

Portland Chautauc|ua. 

Portlandville Otsego. 

Port Leyden Lewis. 

Port Ontario Oswego. 

Port Richmond Richmond. 

Portville Cattaraugus. 

Port Washington Queens. 

Post Creek Chemung. 

Potsdam St. Lawrence. 

Potter Yates. 

Potter Hill Rensselaer. 

Potter's Hollow Albany. 

Potters vi lie Warren. 

POUGHKEEPSIE (c. h.) Dutchess. 

Poughquag Dutchess. 

Poundridge Westchester. 

Prattham Oswego. 

Prattsburgh Steuben. 

Pratt's Hollow Madison. 



114 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Prattsville Greene. 

Preble Cortland. 

Preston Chenango. 

Preston Hollow Albany. 

Prince's Bay Richmond. 

Princetown Schenectady. 

Promised Land Suffolk. 

Prospect Oneida. 

Prospect Grove Suffol k. 

Prospect Station Chautauqua. 

Protection Erie. 

Pulaski Oswego. 

Pultncy Steuben. 

Pultney ville Wayne. 

Purchase Westchester. 

Purdy Creek Steuben. 

Purdy's Station Westchester. 

Purvis Sullivan. 

Putnam Washington. 

Putnam Station Washington. 

Pu tnam Valley Putnam. 

Quacken Kill Rensselaer. 

Quaker Hill Dutchess. 

Quaker Springs Saratoga. 

Quaker Street Schenectady. 

Quarry ville Ulster. 

Queens Queens. 

Queensbury Warren. 

Quogue Suflblk. 

Raccvillc Washington. 

Racket River St. Lawrence. 

Ramapo Rockland. 

Randall Montgomery. 

Randall Road Niagara. 

Randallsvillc Madison. 

Randolpli Cattaraugus. 

Ransom ville Niagara. 

Rapids Niagara. 

Rathboneville Steuben. 

Ravens\voo(l Queens. 

Rawson Cattaraugus. 

Ray Brook Essex. 

Ray mertown Rensselaer. 

Raymondvillc St. Lawrence. 

Ray ville Columbia. 

Reading Schuyler. 

Reading Centre Schuyler. 

Reber Essex. 



Red Creek Wayne. 

Red Falls Greene. 

Redfield Oswego. 

Redford Clinton. 

Red Hook Dutchess. 

Red House Cattaraugus. 

Red Jacket. . . Erie. 

Red Rock Columbia. 

Redwood Jefferson. 

Reed's Corners Ontario. 

Reidsville Albany. 

Remsen Oneida. 

Rensselaer Falls St. Lawrence. 

Rensselaerville Albany. 

Reserve Erie. 

Rexford Flats Saratoga. 

Rexville Steuben. 

Reynale's Basin Niagara. 

Reynolds Rensselaer. 

Reynoldsvillc Schuyler. 

Rheim's Steuben. 

Rhinebeck Dutchess. 

Rhinecliff Dutchess. 

Richburgh Alleganv. 

Richfield Otsego. 

Richfield Springs Otsego. 

Richford Tioga. 

Richland Oswego. 

mCHMOND (c. h.) Richmond. 

Richmond Hill.. , Queens. 

Richmond ]\Iills Ontario. 

Richmondville Schoharie. 

Rich ville St. Lawrence. 

Rider's Mills Columbia. 

Ridge Livingston. 

Ridgebury Orange. 

Ridge Mills Oneida. 

Ridge Road Niagara. 

Ridgcway Orleans. 

Ridgewood (Queens. 

Rifton Cilen Ulster. 

Riga Monroe. 

Riker's Hollow Steuben. 

Ripley Chautauqua. 

Risingville Steuben. 

Riverdale* New York. 

RIVERHEAD (c. h.) Suffolk. 

Riverside Broome. 

Robertsonville Sullivan. 

* Branch of the New York Post Office. 




IN "ROCK CITY," WESTERN DIVISION, ERIE RAILWAY 



IIG 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



ROCHESTER (c. h.) Monroe. 

liock City Dutchess. 

Rock City Falls Saratoga. 

Rockdale Chenango. 

Rock Clcnn Wyoming. 

Rockland Sullivan. 

Rockland Lake Rockland. 

Rock Rift Delaware. 

Rock Stream , Yates. 

Rock ^'iew Cattaraugus. 

Rock ville Centre Queens. 

Rockwell's jNlills Chenango. 

Rock wood Fulton. 

Rocky Point Suffolk. 

Rodman Jefferson. 

Rogersfield Clinton. 

Rogers Rock Essex. 

Rome Oneida. 

Romulus Seneca. 

Rondout Ulster. 

Ronkonkoma Suffolk. 

Roscoe Sullivan. 

Rose Wayne. 

Roseboom Otsego. 

Rosendalc Ulster. 

Rosiere Jefferson. 

Roslyn Queens. 

Rossie St. Lawrence. 

Ross Mills Chautauqua. 

Rossville Richmond. 

Round Lake Saratoga. 

Round Top Greene. 

Jiouse's Point Clinton . 

Rowland Dutchess. 

Roxbury Delaware. 

Roy alton Niagara. 

Rural (J rove Montgomerv. 

Rural Ilill .Jefferson. 

Rush JNIonroe. 

Rushford Allegany. 

Rush ville Yates. 

Puskey Dutchess. 

Russell St. Lawrence. 

Russia Herkimer. 

Rutland Jefferson. 

Rye Westchester. 

Ry nex's Corners Schenectady. 

Sabbath Day Point Warren. 

Sackett's Harbor Jefferson. 

SAGEVILLE (c. h.) Hamilton. 



Sagg Suffolk. 

Sag Harbor Suffolk. 

Saint Andrew's Orange. 

Saint James Suffolk. 

Saint Johnland Suffolk. 

Saint .Johnsburgh Niagara. 

Saint Johnsville Montgomery. 

Saint Lawrence Jefferson. 

Saint Regis Falls Franklin. 

Salamanca Cattaraugus. 

Salem Washington. 

Salem Centre Westchester. 

Salisbury Herkimer. 

Salisbury Centre Herkimer. 

Salisbury INIills Orange. 

Salmon River Oswego. 

Salt Point Dutchess. 

Salt Springville Otsego. 

Sammons ville Fulton. 

Samsonville Ulster. 

Sanborn Niagara. 

Sand Bank Oswego. 

Sand Lake Rensselaer. 

Sandusky Cattaraugus. 

Sandy Creek Oswego. 

Sandy Hill Washington. 

Sanford Broome. 

Sanford's Corners Jefferson. 

Sangerfield Oneida. 

Saranac Clinton. 

Saranac Lake Franklin. 

Saratoga Springs Saratoga. 

Sardinia Erie. 

Saugerties Ulster. 

Sauquoit Oneida. 

Savannah Wayne. 

Savill Ora nge. 

Savona Steuben. 

Sa wens Genesee. 

Saxton Leister. 

Say ville Sutiblk. 

Scarborough A\'estchester. 

Scarsdale Westchester. 

SCHENECTADY (c. h.) Schenectady. 

Scliencvus Otsego. 

Schodack Centre Rensselaer. 

Schodack Depot Rensselaer. 

Schodack Landing Rensselaer. 

SCHOHARIE ( c. h.) Schoharie. 

Schroon J--ake Essex. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



117 



Schroon River Essex. 

Schultzville Dutchess. 

Schuyler's Falls Cliutou. 

Schuyler's Lake Otsego. 

Schuy lersville Saratoga. 

Scio Allegany. 

Sciota Clinton. 

Scipio Cayuga. 

Scipioville Cayugii. 

Scotch Bush Montgomery. 

Scotchtt)wn Orange. 

Scotia Schenectady. 

Scott Cortland. 

Scottsburgh Jjivingston. 

Scottsville Monroe. 

Scriba Oswego. 

Sea Clitt' O^^^cens. 

Seaford Queens. 

Searsburgh Schuyler. 

Searsville Orange. 

Sea Side. ■ liichmond. 

Seely Creek Chemung. 

Selden Suttblk. 

Sempronius Cayuga. 

Seneca Castle Ontario. 

Seneca Falls Seneca. 

Sennett Cayuga. 

Setauket Suffolk. 

Seward Schoharie. 

Shakers Albany. 

Shandaken Ulster. 

Sharon Schoharie. 

Sharon ( 'entre Schoharie. 

Sharon Springs Schoharie. 

Sharon Station Dutchess. 

Sha vertown DelaAvare. 

Shawangunk Ulster. 

Shawnee Niagara. 

Shed's ( 'orners Madison. 

Sheen water Erie. 

Shekomeko Dutchess. 

Shell)y Orleans. 

Shelby Basin Orleans. 

Sheldon Wyoming. 

Sheldrake , Seneca. 

Shelter Island Suflblk. 

Shelving Kock Washington. 

Sherburne ( "henango. 

Sherburne Four Corners. ..Chenango. 
Sheridan Chautauc^ua. 



Sherman Chautauqua. 

Sherwood Cayuga. 

Shin Creek Sullivan. 

Shirle}' Erie. 

Shokan Ulster. 

Shongo Allegany. 

Shortsvillc Ontario. 

Short Tract Allegany. 

Shrub Oak AVe.stchester. 

Shunpike J)utchess. 

Shushan \\'ashington. 

Shutter's Corners Schoharie. 

Sidney Delaware. 

Sidney Centre Delaware. 

Sidney Plains Delaware. 

Silver Creek Chautauqua. 

Sinclairville Chautauqua. 

Sing Sing Westchester. 

Skaneateles , Onondaga. 

Skaneateles Falls Onondaga. 

Slate Hill Orange. 

Slaterville Tompkins. 

Slingerland's Albany. 

Sliters Hen-sselaer. 

Sloansville Schoharie. 

Sloatsburgh Rockland. 

Smith's Basin Washington. 

Smithsborough Tioga. 

Smith's Landing Greene. 

Smith's Mills Chautauqua. 

Smith town Suffolk. 

Smithtown Branch Suffolk. 

Smith A'alley Schuyler. 

Smithville Jefferson. 

Smith vi He Flats Chenango. 

Smithville South Queens. 

Smyrna Chenango. 

Snowdon Otsego. 

Snydervillc Columbia. 

Sodus Wayne. 

Sodus Centre Wayne. 

Sodus Point Wayne. 

Solon Cortland. 

Sols ville Madison. 

Somers Westchester. 

Somers Centre Westchester. 

Somerset Niagara. 

Somerville St. Lawrence. 

Sonora Steuben. 

Sony ea Livingston. 




CAMPING OUT. 




BLUE MOUNTAIN LAKE. — ADUIONDACKS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



no 



South Addison Steuben. 

South Akibama Genesee. 

South Albion Oswego. 

South Amenia Dutchess, 

Suuthami:)ton Suffolk. 

South Apalaehin Tioga. 

South Argyle Washington. 

South Avon Livingston. 

South Ballston Saratoga. 

South BaiTC Orleans. 

South Berlin Rensselaer. 

South Berne A Ibany. 

South Bethlehem Albany. 

South Bolivar xVllegany. 

South Bombay Franklin. 

South Bradford Steuben. 

South Bristol Ontario. 

South Brookfield Madison. 

South Buffalo Erie. 

South Butler Way u e. 

South Byron Genesee. 

South Cairo Greene. 

South Cameron Steuben. 

South Canisteo Steuben. 

South Centrevillc Orange. 

South Champion Jefferson. 

South Colton St, Lawrence. 

South Columbia Herkimer. 

South Corinth Saratoga. 

South Cortland Cortland. 

South Cuy ler Cortland . 

South Danby Tompkins. 

South Lansville Steuben. 

South Dayton Cattaraugus. 

South Dover Dutchess. 

Seuth Durham Greene. 

South Easton Washington. 

South Edmeston Otsego. 

South Edwards St. Lawrence. 

South Erin Chemung. 

South Eallslnirgh Sullivan. 

South Gates ]\Ionroe. 

South Gilboa Schoharie. 

South Glens Falls Saratoga. 

South Granby Oswego. 

South Granville Washington. 

South Greece Monroe. 

South Greenfield Saratoga. 

South Hamilton ^Madison. 

So Lith Hannibal . Oswego. 



South Hartford Washington. 

South Hartwick (Jtsego. 

South I laven Suffolk. 

South Howard Steuben. 

South Jefferson Schoharie. 

South Kortright Delaware. 

South Lansing Tompkins. 

South Lima Livingston. 

South Livonia Livingston. 

South New Berlin Chenango. 

South New Haven Oswego. 

South Newstead Erie. 

Southold Suffolk. 

South Onondaga Onondaga. 

South Otselic Chcnan go. 

South Owego Tioga. 

South C)xford Chenango. 

South Plattsburgh Clinton. 

South Plymouth Chenango. 

Southport , Chemung. 

South Pultney Steuben. 

South Richland Oswego. 

South Rutland Jefferson. 

South Salem Westchester. 

South Schodack Rensselaer. 

South Schroon Essex. 

South Scriba Oswego. 

South Sodus Wayne. 

South Somerset Niagara. 

South Spafibrd Onondaga. 

South Stockton Chautauqua. 

South Trenton Oneida. 

South Troupsburgh Steuben. 

South A^alley Otsego. 

Southville St. Lawrence. 

South Wales Erie. 

South Westerlo Albany. 

South West Oswego Oswego. 

South Wilson Niagara. 

South Worcester Otsego. 

Spafford OnoiK laga. 

Sparkill Rockland. 

Sparrow Bush Orange. 

Speedsville Tompkins. 

Spencer Tioga. 

Spencerport Monroe. 

Spcncertown Columbia. 

Speonk Suffolk. 

Spraker's Basin Montgomery. 

Spring Brook Erie, 



120 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Springfield Otsego. 

Springfield Centre Otsego. 

Springfield Store Queens. 

Spring Lake ( ayuga. 

Spring Mills Allegan}-. 

Springs Sutfolk. 

Springtown Ulster. 

Spri ng Valley Rockland. 

Springville Erie. 

Springwater Livingston. 

Sprout Brook ]\Iontgomery. 

Spruceton Greene. 

Staatsburgli Dutchess. 

Stafford Genesee. 

Stamford Delaware. 

Stanard's Corners Allegany. 

Stanfordy ille Dutchess. 

Stanley Ontario. 

Stanton Hill Greene. 

Stanwix Oneida. 

Sta])leton Richmond. 

Starkey Yates. 

Starkyille - . .Herkimer. 

State Bridge ( Jneida. 

Stcamburgh ( 'attaraugus. 

Stedman ( 'liautauqua. 

Steinway Queens. 

Stephens' ISIills Steuben. 

Stephentown Rensselaer. 

Stephentown Centre Rensselaer. 

Sterling Cayuga. 

Sterling Bush Lewis. 

Sterling Station Cayuga. 

Sterling ^'alley Cayuga. 

Sterlingyillc Jefferson. 

Steuben Oneida. 

Steyensyille Sulliyan. 

Stiles Station (Onondaga. 

Stillwater Saratoga. 

Stissi ng ] )utchess. 

Stittyille Oneida. 

Stockbridge Madison. 

Stockholm St. Lawrence. 

Stockholm ( 'entre St. Lawrence. 

^^tockholm Depot St. Lawrence. 

Stockport Columbia. 

Stockport Station Delaware. 

Stockton ( 'liautauqua. 

Stockwell Oneida. 

Stokes Oneida. 



Stone Arabia Montgomery. 

Stone Church Genesee. 

Stone Dam Allegany. 

Stone ]\Iills Jefferson. 

Stone Ridge Lister. 

Stoney Brook Suffolk. 

Stony Point Rockland. 

Stormyille Dutchess. 

Stottyille Columbia. 

Stow Chautauqua. 

Strait's Corners Tioga. 

Stratford Fulton. 

Stratton Tompkins. 

Street Road Essex. 

Strykersyille ^^'yoming. 

Stuyyesant Columbia. 

Stuyyesant Falls Columbia. 

Suffern Rockland. 

Sugar Hill Scliuyler. 

Sugar Loaf. (Grange. 

Sulliyanville Chemung. 

Summer Dale Chautauqua. 

Summer Hill Cayuga. 

Summit Schoharie. 

Summit Station Onondaga. 

Summityille Sulliyan. 

Suspension Bridge Xiagara. 

Swain Allegany. 

Swale Steuben. 

Swamp ^lills Sulliyan. 

Swartwood Chemung. 

Swormyille Erie. 

Sylyan Lake Dutchess. 

Syossct Queens. 

SYRACUSE (c. h.) Onondaga. 

Taberg Oneida. 

Taghkani ck Columbia. 

Tahawus Essex. 

Tallman Rockland. 

Tannersyillc Greene. 

Tappantown Rockland. 

Tarry town AVestchester. 

Tarrytown Heights Westchester. 

Tauohannock Falls Tompkins. 

Taylor Cortland. 

Taylor Cent re Cortland. 

Texas Oswego. 

Texas Valley Cortland. 

Thayer's Corners Franklin. 




g^^ 



122 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 



The Corner Ulster. 

The Glen Warren. 

Therei^a Jefferson . 

Thiells Rockland. 

Thompson Ilidge Orange. 

Thomj)sonvillc Sullivan. 

Thorn Hill Onondaga. 

Thousand Island Park Jcflerson. 

Three Wile Bay J etierson. 

Throoi^sville Cayuga. 

Thurman AVarren. 

Tiashoke Rensselaer. 

Ticonderoga Essex. 

Tilly Foster Putnam. 

Tioga Centre Tioga. 

P'ivoli Dutchess. 

Toddsville Otsego. 

Tomhamiock Rensselaer. 

Tomkin's Cove Rockland. 

Tomj^ki ns Corners Putnam . 

Tompkinsville Riclimond. 

TonaAvanda Erie. 

Tottenville .' Richmond. 

Towlesville Steuben. 

Towner's Putnam. 

Town Line Eri e. 

Townsend Schuyler. 

Townsend ville Seneca. 

Tracy Creek Broome. 

Transit Bridge Allegany. 

Tremaine's Corners Jefierson. 

Tremont"^' New York . 

Trenton Oneida. 

Trenton Falls Oneida. 

Triangle Broome. 

Tribes Hill Montgomery. 

Troupsburgh Steuben . 

Trout Brook Delaware. 

Trout Creek Delaware. 

Trout River Franklin. 

TROY (c. h.) Rensselaer. 

Trumansburgh Tomj^kins. 

Trumbull Corners Tompkins. 

Truxton Cortland . 

Tuckahoc Westchester. 

Tully Onondaga. 

Tully Valley Onondaga. 

Turin Lewis. 

Turner's ._.... Orange. 

* Brancli of the New York Post Office. 



Turn wood Ulster. 

Tuscarora Livingston. 

Tyner Chenango. 

T3a'e Seneca. 

Tyrone Schuyler. 

Ulster Park Ulster. 

Ulsterville Ulster. 

Unadilla Otsego. 

Unadilla Centre Otsego. 

Unadilla Forks Otsego. 

Underbill AVestchester. 

Union Broome. 

Union Centre Broome. 

Union Church Albany. 

Union Falls Clinton. 

Union Grove Delaware. 

LTnion Hill Monroe. 

Union Mills Fulton. 

Union Society Greene- 
Union Springs ( 'ay uga. 

Union Square Oswego. 

Union A^alley Cortland. 

Unionville Orange. 

Upper Aciuebogue SuHblk. 

Upper Jay Essex. 

Upper Lisle Broome. 

LTpper Red Hook Dutchess. 

UTICA(c.h.) Oneida. 

Utopia Allegany. 

Vail's Gate Orange. 

Avail's Mills Fulton. 

A^alatie Columbia. 

Yalcour Clinton. 

Valhalla Westchester. 

Valley Falls Rensselaer. 

Valley Mills Madison. 

Valley Stream (Queens. 

A^allonia Springs Broome. 

A'^an Brunt* K i ngs. 

Van Buren Onondaga. 

Vandalia Cattaraugus. 

Van Etten ville ( 'hemung. 

Van Hornesville Herkimer. 

Van AVagner 1 ^utcliess. 

Van AVie's Albany. 

A^'arick Seneca. 

A^arna Tompkins. 

* Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



123 



Varysburgh AVyoming. 

Venice Cayuga. 

Venice Centre Cayuga. 

Verbank Dutchess. 

Verbank Village Dutchess. 

A^ermillion Oswego. 

\"ernon Oneida. 

A'ernon Centre Oneida. 

Verona Oneida. 

Verplanck Westchester. 

Versailles ( 'attaraugus. 

Vesper Onondaga. 

Vestal Broome. 

A^estal Centre Broome. 

Victor Ontario. 

Victory Cayuga. 

Victory Mills .Saratoga. 

A^ienna Oneida. 

Villanova Chautauqua. 

Vine Valley Yates. 

Virgil Cortland. 

Vischer's Ferry Saratoga. 

Vista Westchesrter. 

Voak Yates. 

Volney Oswego. 

A^olusia Chautauqua. 

Voorheesville Albany. 

Waddington St. Lawrence. 

Wadhams jNIills Essex. 

AVading River Sutiblk . 

Walden Orange. 

Wales Erie. 

Wales Centre Erie. 

Walesville Oneida. 

Walker Valley Ulster. 

AVallace Steuben. 

Wallington "Wayne. 

Walton Delaware. 

Walworth Wayne. 

AVampsville Madison. 

Wapi)inger's Falls Dutchess. 

Warner's Onondaga. 

Warnerville Schoharie. 

Warren Herkimer. 

Warrensburgh Warren. 

Warren's Corners Niagara. 

WARSAW (c. h.) Wyoming. 

Warwick Orange. 

Washington Dutchess. 



AVashington Hollow Dutchess. 

Washington Mills Oneida. 

Washington ville Orange. 

AVassaic Dutchess. 

A\'aterburgl i Tompkins. 

AVatcrlbrd Saratoga. 

WATERLOO (c.h. I Seneca. 

AVater ]\Iill Suffolk. 

AVaterport Orleans. 

WATERTOWN (c h.) Jefferson. 

AWitervale ( )nondaga. 

AVater A'alley Erie. 

AVatcrville Oneida. 

A\'atervliet Centre.. . : Albany. 

WATKINS (c. h.) SchuylcT. 

AVatson Lewis. 

AVatts Flats C liautauqua. 

AVaverly Tioga. 

AVawarsing LTlster. 

AVayland Depot Steuben. 

AVayne Steuben. 

A\"ay ne Centre AVayne. 

AVayne Four Corners Steuben. 

AVebb's Mills Cliemung. 

AVebetuck Dutchess. 

AVebster Alonroe. 

AVebster's Corners Erie. 

AVebster 's Crossing Livingston. 

AVebster Station Aladison. 

AVedgwood Schuyler. 

AVeed Mines Columbia. 

AVeedsport Cayuga. 

AVegatchio St. Lawrence. 

AVelcome Otsego. 

AVells Hamilton. 

AVells' Bridge Otsego. 

AVellsbur^h ('hcniung. 

AVellsvillc Allegany. 

AVelton ville Tioga. 

AVendelville Niagara. 

AVest Cattaraugus. 

AVest Albany Albany. 

AVest Alden Erie. 

AVest Allen Allegany. 

AVest Almond Allegany. 

AVest Amboy Oswego. 

AVest Bainbridge Chenango. 

AVest Bangor Franklin. 

AVest Barre Orleans. 

A\'est Batavia Genesee. 




TRENTON FALLS. 




CONimCTON RIVKi;. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



125 



West Bergen Genesee. 

West Berne Albany. 

West Betliany Genesee. 

West Bloomtield Ontario. 

West Branch Oneida. 

West Brighton Monroe. 

West Brook Delaware. 

West Brookvillc Sullivan. 

West Ikirlington Otsego. 

Westbury Gayuga. 

West ( 'ambridgc Washington. 

West Gamden Oneida. 

West Gandor Tioga. 

West Gharlton Saratoga. 

West Ghazy Glinton . 

West Ghenango Broome. 

West Ghester Westchester. 

West Glarksville Allegany. 

West Golesville Broome. 

West Gonesville Schoharie. 

West Gonstable Franklin. 

West Gopake (_'olumbia. 

West Danby Tompkins. 

West Davenport Delaware. 

West Da}^ Saratoga. 

West Deer Park Suffolk. 

West Dryden Tompkins. 

West Eaton Madison. 

West Edmesto] 1 Otsego. 

Westerlo Alban}^ 

Westernville Oneida. 

West Exeter Otsego. 

West Falls Erie. 

A\ est Farmingtoii Ontario. 

West Farms''^ New York. 

West Fayette Seneca. 

Westfield ( 'hautauqua. 

Westford Otsego. 

West Fort Ann AA'ashington. 

West Fulton Schoharie. 

West Galway Fulton . 

West Granville ( 'orners.AVashington. 

West Greece Monroe. 

West Groton Tompkins. 

West Hamburg] i Erie. 

A¥est Hampton Suffolk. 

AVest Hebron Washington. 

West Henrietta Monroe. 

West Hoosick Rensselaer. 

* Branch of the Xcw York Post Office. 



AVest Hurley , Ulster. 

AVest Italy Yates. 

AVest Junius Seneca. 

AVest Kendall Orleans. 

AVest Kill Greene. 

AVest Kortright Delaware. 

AVest Laurens Otsego. 

AVest Lebanon Columbia. 

AVest Ley den Lewis. 

AVest Maccdon Wayne. 

AVest Martinsburgh Lewis. 

AVest Meredith Delaware. 

AVest Milton Saratoga. 

AVest Monroe Oswego. 

AVestmoreland Oneida. 

AVest Newark Tioga. 

AVest New Brighton Richmond. 

AVeston Schuyler. 

AVest Oneonta Otsego. 

AVeston's Mills Gattaraugus. 

AVest Parishville St. Lawrence. 

AVest Pierpont St. Lawrence. 

AVest Plattsburgh Ghnton. 

AVest Point Orange. 

AVestport Essex. 

AVest Potsdam St. Lawrence. 

AVest Providence Saratoga. 

AVest Richmond ville Schoharie. 

AVest River Yates. 

AVest Rush Monroe. 

AVest Salamanca Gattaraugus. 

AVest Sand Lake Rensselaer. 

AVest Saugerties Ulster. 

AVest Schuyler Herkimer. 

AVest Seneca Erie. 

AVest Shelby ( )rleans. 

AVest Shokan Ulster. 

AVest Somers Westchester. 

AVest Somerset Niagara. 

AVest Stephentown Rensselaer. 

AVest Stockholm St. Lawrence. 

AVest Stony Greek Warren. 

AVest Taghkanick Columbia. 

West Town , (.)range. 

West Township A Ibany. 

AVest Troy Albany. 

AVest Union Steuben. 

AVest A^alley Gattaraugus. 

West Aaenna Oneida. 

Westville Otsego. 



126 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 



Westville Centre Franklin. 

West Walworth Wayne. 

West Webster Monroe. 

West Windsor Broome. 

West Winfield Herkimer. 

West Yorkshire ( attaraugus. 

Wethersfield Wyoming. 

Wetherstield Springs Wyoming. 

Weyertown Warren. 

Whallonsburgli Essex. 

Wlieatville Genesee. 

Wheeler Steuben. 

White Church Tompkins. 

AVhite Creek Washington. 

Whitehall Washington. 

Wliite Lake Sulliyan. 

White Lake Corners Oneida. 

WHITE PLAINS (c. h) Westchester. 

Whiteport Ulster. 

AVhite's Store Chenango. 

Whitestone Queens. 

AYhitestown Oneida. 

AVhitesyille Allegany. 

Whitne3''s Crossings Allegany. 

Whitney's Point Broome. 

Wilbur.". Ulster. 

Wiley's Corners Steuben. 

Wileysyille Steuben. 

Willard Seneca. 

AVillet Cortland. 

Williamsburgh * Kings. 

Williamson Wayne. 

Williamstown Oswego. 

Williamsyille Erie. 

Willink Erie. 

Williston Erie. 

AVillo^v Brook Dutchess. 

Willo\y Creek Tompkins. 

Willowemoe Sulliyan. 

Willsborough Essex. 

Willsborough Point Essex. 

AVillsey yille Tioga. 

Wilmington Essex. 

Wilmurt Herkimer. 

Wilna Jefferson. 

Wilson Niagara. 

Wilson C-reek Tioga. 

* Branch of the Brooklyn Post Office. 



Wilton Saratoga. 

Winchells Dutchess. 

Windham Greene. 

Windsor Broome. 

AVinfield Herkimer. 

AVinfielcl Junction Queens. 

Wing's Station Dutchess. 

Winterton Sulliyan. 

Wirt Centre Allegany. 

Wiscoy Allegany. 

Wolcott Wayne. 

Wolcottsburgh Erie. 

AVolcottsyille Niagara. 

Wolf Hill Albany. 

Woodard (Jnondaga. 

Woodbourne Sulliyan. 

Woodbury Queens. 

Woodbury Falls Orange. 

Woodhayen Queens. 

Woodhull Steuben. 

Woodland Ulster. 

Woodsburgh Queens. 

Wood's Falls Chnton. 

Woodside Queens. 

Woodstock Ulster. 

Woody ille Jefferson. 

Woodward's Hollow Erie. 

Worcester Otsego. 

Worth Centre Jefferson. 

Worth yille Jefferson. 

Wright's Corners Niagara. 

Wurtsborough Sulliyan. 

Wynantskill Rensselaer. 

Wyoming Wyomino;. 

Yaphank Suffolk. 

Yates Orleans. 

Yonkers Westchester. 

York Liyingston. 

Yorkshire ( attaraugus. 

Yorkshire Centre Cattaraugus. 

Yorktown AVesteh ester. 

Young Onondaga. 

Young Hickory .-. Steuben. 

Youngstown Niagara. 

Youngsville Sulliyan. 

Zurich Wayne. 



Albany, the Capital City. 



Albany, or Beverwyck, is one of the old(3st of the permanent 
European settlements made in the United States. As early as 1610 
the Dutch navigators came up the Hudson, or as the Indians had 
christened it, the Sha-te-muc, and built trading houses to traffic for furs 
with the various Indian tribes. In 1614 Albany was founded by a 
Hollander who erected a stockade fort on an adjacent island and carried 
on a thriving fur trade for about three years, when a freshet of un- 
paralleled violence carried off all the buildings. It was in 1614 Fort 
Willemstadt was built upon a hill, at the head of State street near the 
site of the old Capitol, and which latter gave place to Fort Frederick. 
A new fort was built in 1623, on Market street, now Broadway, below 
State street, and was called Fort Orange, in honor of the Stadtholder of 
Holland. As an inducement to settle the country, the Dutch West 




VIEW OF THE PALISADES FROM YONKEKS STATION. 

(127) 



128 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



India Company offered to grant lands to any who should fairly purchase 
them of the Indians and form a permanent settlement. The medium 
of commerce was at that time seawant, better known as wampum, which 
was simply a number of string shell beads. If black, these beads 
counted three to a stuvier (2 cents) ; if inside white, six. Kilian Van 
Rensselaer, the founder of the family, a rich pearl merchant of Amster- 
dam, availed himself of this offer in 1631, and was granted a tract of 
land on the w^est bank of the river, including Fort Orange. Some 
years later he purchased from the Indians, for a mere trifle, an immense 
tract of land extending 24 miles along the Hudson, and 48 miles from 
east to west, on the east side of the river. This was called Colonie 
Rensselaerwyck, of which Van Rensselaer was patroon. For a time 
the village was called Beverwyck, but in 1664, when New^ Netherlands 
came into possession of James, Duke of York, Nieuw Amsterdam 
became New York, and Beverwyck w^as known as Albany. The 
Indians called Albany Pempotawnthut. In 1683 Albany county com- 
prised all the territory north of Dutchess and Ulster counties, on 
both sides of the river, and Albany was looked upon as the fount 
of authority in church and judicial matters. It was incorporated in 
1686, under the Dongar charter, its boundaries being 1 mile wide on 
the river, and 3i miles long, all the rest belonging to the Colonie 
Rensselaerwyck. The Van Rensselaer mansion, now standing on 
Broadway, was built in 1765. The Staats House, so called, corner of 
South Pearl and State streets, is the oldest in the city. Aaron Burr 
commenced practicing law here in 1782, and boarded in 1824 in a house 
on the site of the Fort Orange Club. The first steamboat landed here 
in 1807, and the first Erie Canal boat was locked into the Albany basin 
October, 1825. The Museum building was opened as a place of amuse- 
ment in 1831. The first locomotive ran into Greenbush from Boston 
in 1841. A theatre was erected on the site of the Leland Opera House 
in 1824, turned into a church in 1839, reopened as the Trimble Opera 
House in 1863. Thirteen newspapers are printed in the city. The 
Albany Dutch Church, founded in 1640, was the only one north of 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



129 




VIEW FROM FORT P0TNAM, W. P. 



Esopus until after 1700, that had an established ministry, save the 
church at Schenectady. The " Shakers," a settlement of about 500 
persons, is situated about 7h miles north of the City Hall, approached 
via the Shaker road. On the western line of the city limits are found 
" sand lots," valuable for moulding purposes, and, it is said, for the 
manufacture of glass. The cattle market at West Albany ranks third 
in the country, over 140 loads, on an average, arriving daily. Of the 
different parks in the city there is but one (Washington) worthy of 
that name, Washington Park, approached most easily via Hudson 
avenue, contains over 76 acres, has over 3 miles of drives and 6 of walks, 
has a lake 1500 feet long, which covers 5 acres. The cost has been 
over $1,000,000. To attempt to trace the entire history of Albany up 
to the present time would be impossible in the small space allotted in 
this sketch. AVhat has been given is merely an outline of some of 



130 STATE OF NEW YOEK. 



the principal facts. It has a history of which every Albanian may well 
be proud, showing so conclusively, as it does, the industry and thrift of 
their ancestors necessary to change the once wilderness into the flourish- 
ing, populous city of to-day. 

New Capitol. — Towering far above all other public buildings in its 
importance, the majesty of its design, and the costliness of its finish, is 
the new Capitol. Many years ago the old structure, which in the early 
days was regarded as a masterpiece of art and a model of convenience, 
had evidently become ill adapted to the enormousness of the business 
and legislative interests of the State ; and the want of a larger edifice, 
more in keeping with the necessities of the Empire State, was making 
itself more strongly felt as each year passed by. Various propositions 
were made for the erection of a suitable building, and much diversity 
of opinion obtained throughout the State on the subject of its location 
in several prominent cities. The matter took definite form, however, in 
May, 1865, when an act was passed authorizing the erection of a new 
capitol ; followed by another in April, 186G, confirming its location at 
Albany, and appropriating $250,000 to the work ; the expense being 
limited in all to $4,000,000. In December, 1867, the work of excava- 
tion was begun under a plan of Thomas Fuller, which had been adopted, 
and in 1868 an additional grant of $250,000 was made for the continu- 
ation of the work. The plan contemplated the erection of a structure 
300 feet front by 400 feet deep, with a centre court enclosed, the 
fa9ade to be located at a frontal about 100 feet in the rear of the old 
building, the necessary grounds for the purpose having been j)reAdously 
secured. The first stone in the foundation was laid July 7th, 1869, 
and the corner-stone on June 24th, 1871, amid impressive ceremonies 
witnessed by an immense concourse of people. The executive depart- 
ment and nearly all the State and other offices have been occupied 
during the present year. The work is now nearly completed to the 
roof, so far as the exterior walls are concerned, and the northern sec- 
tion has been in use for legislative purposes since January 7th, 1879. 
The southern section was opened two years since for the use of the 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



131 




"WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT NEWBURG. 

State Senate, the Assembly using that portion first completed. The 
cost thus far reaches very nearly |1 3,250,000, and will most probably be 
115,000,000 or $16,000,000 before the building is finally completed. 
Viewed from all the approaches of the city, it towers in solitary gran- 
deur far above the comparative pigmies that surround it. Its exterior 
walls are of Maine granite, the interior decorations being wholly in 
stone of various character, but of exquisite beauty. In this space it is 
impossible to convey a fair idea of the outward grandeur and the inte- 
rior magnificence of this gorgeous structure, which excels in beauty 
and massive elegance any building in America. 

Public Schools of Albany. — The public school system of Albany 
comprises twenty-six schools. 13,976 pupils attended these schools 
during the past year. 232 teachers were employed. The affairs of 
these schools are administered by the board of public instruction, 
consisting of twelve members elected for a term of three years, four 
being chosen at the charter election each year. The office of the 
board is in the high school building, as is also that of the superintend- 
ent of schools, Mr. Charles W. Cole. 



132 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



All of these schools are popular and well conducted. The High 
School, however, is the especial pride of Albanians. Under the skill- 
ful management of its principal, Professor John E. Bradley, it has 
become the leading school of its class in the State. It has held the 
first rank among the schools under the visitation of the regents of the 
University for the past ten years. It has an attendance of about GOO: 
a thorough academic course of study ; prepares students for advanced 
college courses or for business life, and is free to all residents of the 
city. The building is a handsome structure of pressed brick with 
stone trimmings, and is admirably arranged and fitted with the most 
complete appointments. It is centrally located, being on Eagle street. 

Wasiiingtox Park is situated west of the business portion of the 
city, and may be reached by the Hamilton or State street lines of 
horse cars. It has an area of 76 acres ; it contains 3 miles 
of excellent drives, of miles of walks, and swings, croquet lawns. 
&c. ; the lake being 1500 feet long. During the summer musical 
concerts are given nearly every week from the cupola of the 
Lake House. Improvements are being carried on constantly. It 
is now a great resort for the people, who enjoy tlie Ijoon of wandering 
among its cool, fresh, and delightful retreats. In design, beauty of 
embellishment, and in all the essentials and excellencies of park culture, 
it is surpassed by no other. To be appreciated it must be seen, and 
whatever anticipations of its beauty and extent have been formed are 
certain to be more than realized ; it is a point of interest, and well 
worthy of a visit. 

Young Men's Association. — Librarian, Prof. Jonathan Tenney, Ph.D. 
Founded December 10th, 1833. Incorporated March 12th, 1835. 
Purpose : " Establishing and maintaining a Library, Reading Room, 
Literary and Scientific Lectures, and other means of promoting Moral 
and Intellectual Improvement." It has a growing circulating and 
reference library of about 10,000 volumes, a well-selected variety of 
magazines and newspapers, and valuable portraits and other paintings. 
Its daily circulation of books averages from 100 to 200 volumes. It is 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



133 




ENTRANCE TO THE NARROWS FROM THE SOUTH. 



daily visited for loans, reference, and periodicals by from 200 to 500 
persons. It has a life membership of about 180 members, by payment 
of $50 each, and an annual membership of from 1500 to 3000, by pay- 
ment of $2 each. Transient persons and non-residents may purchase 
a six-months' membership for $1. Hooms, central and finely located, 
corner of North Pearl and Steuben streets. Frederick Harris, presi- 
dent; James M. Ruso, secretary; 0. E. Wilson, treasurer; J. D. 
Bradley, J. DeW. Peltz, and B. I. Stanton, curators, and twelve 
managers. 

State Library. — This valuable institution, adjoining the new Capitol 
on State street, was founded in 1818, and from its modest beginnings 
has now reached to the magnitude of 115,000 volumes. Outside of 
books, quite a large number of curious and interesting things have 
drifted in by way of gift or deposit. It is a reference library, and only 
members of the legislature, heads of departments of the State govern- 
ment, and trustees of the library have the privilege of taking books to 
their residences. The library is open daily from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., 
except on Sundays and holidays, and from the 5th to the 20th of 
August ; during the session of the legislature until 6 P. M. 

State Normal School. — Located on the corner of Lodge and Howard 
streets. The building is four stories and basement, 120 feet by 78 ; 



134 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




NEWBUKGH BAY. 



has a hall 46 feet by 98 ; cost $25,000. Rev. Joseph Alden is princi- 
pal, residing in the building. 

Albany Academy. — North of the old Capitol, between Lafayette and 
Elk streets. Prof. M. E. Gates, principal. 

Albany Female Academy. — Located Nos. 40 and 42 Xorth Pearl 
street. Lucy A. Plympton, principal. 

State Hall is located on Eagle street, fronting Academy Park, and 
is considered one of the architectural ornaments of the city. It is built 
principally of white cut stone, colonnade in front supported by six 
columns, and is surmounted by a dome; was finished in 1842; cost 
$350,000. It is used for the accommodation of the State officers. 
Open for visitors daily during business hours. 

New City Hall. — In course of erection on the site of the old City 
Hall. Located on Eagle street, fronting Washington avenue ; when 
finished will be one of the finest structures in the city. The design 
of the building is to furnish accommodations for the city and county 
officials. County Courts will be completed May 1st, 1883. Esti- 
mated cost about $290,000 when finished. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



135 




SOLDIERS' HOME, BATH, ERIE RAILWAY. 



The City Building is situated on the site of the old Centre Market, 
corner of South Pearl and Howard streets. It is built of brick with 
stone facings ; the cost was about $200,000. The following city offi- 
cials have their headquarters in the building : Mayor, Clerk of Common 
Council, Chamberlain, Deputy Chamberlain and Receiver of Taxes, 
Police Court, Justices' Court, office of the Overseer of the Poor, Fire 
and Police Commissioners, Park Commissioners, Street Commissioners, 
City Surveyor and Engineer, Fire Alarm Telegraph, Chief of Police 
and Fire Department, Property Clerk and Detective's office. Second 
Precinct Station House, Excise Commissioners, Assessor's office, and 
Common Council Chamber meets on the second floor, first and third 
Monday of each month. 

Albany County Penitentiary.— This model institution is situated on 
Delaware avenue, one mile west of the Capitol, and may be reached by 
the Hamilton street and Madison avenue cars. It was erected in 
1845-6 under the superintendence of the late General Amos Pilsbury. 
The building covers 3 acres of land, having a beautiful frontage of 
about 10 acres. 

The first prisoners were received at the Penitentiary on April 17th, 
1846. November 1st, 1848, the entire structure was completed. The 



136 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




SCENE IN THE CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 



convicts are employed in the manufacture of shoes, &c. It is open 
daily for the reception of visitors, a small fee being charged for admit- 
tance. John McEwen is the superintendent. 

State Geological Hall and Museum of Natural History is 
located on State street, corner of Lodge. Established in 1840 as State 
Cabinet of Natural History, for reception of the collections of the State 
Geological Survey, reorganized in 1870 under its present title. The 
building is of brick, four stories high, with lecture room on the ground 
floor ; museum of agricultural implements and products in stories above. 
The institution is well worthy of a visit. Rooms are open to visitors 
daily, from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m., free. 

Dudley Observatory. — This institution is located on an eminence in 
the north part of the city, known as Observatory Hill. The building 
was founded through the munificence of Mrs. Blandina Dudley, who 
expended $100,000 in its erection, &c. It is built in the form of a 
cross, and contains some of the largest and finest instruments ever con- 
structed. Among the remarkable instruments are the Sheutz calcula- 
ting engine, astronomical clocks and meteorological instruments ; also an 
astronomical library of 2000 volumes. It is open for visitors from 
10 a. m. to 5 p. M. 

Hospitals. — Albany Hospital, corner of Howard and Eagle streets. 
In 1872 a large addition was built, with all the latest improvements and 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



137 



accommodations ; the wards will accommodate 75 and the private rooms 
50 patients ; the medical and surgical staff is composed of eighteen of 
the best physicians of the city, besides three resident physicians. 

St. Peter's Hospital, corner of Broadway and North Ferry street, 
in charge of the .Sisters of Mercy. It was enlarged and opened as a 
hospital in 1869. 

Albany City Homoeopathic Hospital, 123 North Pearl street. Medi- 
cal staff includes the leading homoeopathic physicians in the city. 

Medical College. — Located on Eagle street, between Jay and Lan- 
caster. Founded in 1833 by Drs. Alden March and James H. Armsby. 
It is a prosperous establishment. Its laboratories are complete and 
extensive. It has a valuable library, and its museum is one of the 
finest in all departments of any medical collection in the United States. 
The museum is open daily for visitors. 




New York City 




IVew York — the first city in population, 
wealth, and commercial importance in America 
— is built upon Manhattan Island, at the con- 
tinence of the Hudson and East rivers, — the 
latter of which is but little more than __. .. 

an inlet of the ocean. The island is ^--=-^-V. 
13^ miles in length, and about 2 ^-^M?a. 
miles in width at the widest part. It 
is all embraced within the corporate 
limits of the city, and 



before many years will 
be compactly built up. 
Improvement of the up- 
per end of the island had 
been for many years re- 
tarded by the difficulty 
of establishing speedy 
and certain means of 



TRINITY CHUBCH. 



140 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




FIRST SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 

coiiiiimiiication with the lower end, where busmess is now concen- 
trated ; but this obstacle is now overcome by the construction of 
elevated and underground railways. The limited territorial area avail- 
able for building purjDoses on the island has driven thousands who do 
business in New York to seek residences elsewhere, and has materially 
contributed to the Ijuilding up of numerous large suburbs, such as 
Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Jersey City. These suburbs are essen- 
tially parts of New York — mainly deriving their population from her 
surplus, and reflecting her prosperity. 

The general aspect of New York is not only metropolitan but cos- 
mopolitan. All varieties of architecture are seen in her buildings, and 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



141 




KEW YOKK IN lbd4. 



natives of every land are found among her people. The dm of 
traffic never ceases, and the hurry and excitement of business rarely 
abates. A large portion of the commerce of the world is tributary to 
her. and the wealth of a continent is continually pouring into her 
coffers. With these resources at her command, it is altogether within 
the range of probability that she will ultimately become the greatest 
commercial emporium in the world. 

The city of New York was one of the first European settlements 
made on the American continent, being colonized in 1614 by an 
expedition of two ships from Holland, commanded by Captains Adrian 
Block and Hendrick Christianse. This was about fifty years after 
the settlement of St. Augustine, in Florida, by the Spaniards ; seven 
years after the colonization of Jamestown, Virginia, and six years 
before the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The 
island upon which this settlement was made was first visited, in 1609, 
by Henry Hudson, an English mariner in the service of the Dutch 
East India Company. Hudson had sailed from England in 1607 in 
search of the north-west passage to India, but after two years of fruit- 
less endeavor to penetrate the ice-barriers of the North, his patrons 
abandoned the enterprise, and he tendered his services to what he con- 
sidered a more adventurous people. He returned to the American shores 



142 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




BROADAVAY, NEW YORK. 



in a schooner-yacht, culled the " Half-Moon," and entered the Narrows 
on the 3d of September, in the year above stated. Heckewehler, the 
Indian historian, describes the natives as greatly perplexed and terri- 
fied when they beheld the approach of the strange object — a shiji in 
the offing. They deemed it a visit from the Manitoii, coming in his big 
canoe, and began to prepare an entertainment for his reception. " By 
and by the chief, in red clothes and a glitter of metal, with others, came 
aboard in a smaller canoe, mutual salutations and signs of friendship 
were exchanged, and after awhile strong drink was offered, which 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



148 




^A^ ^^-^ "-v^ ^ ^ 

THE HARBOR OF NEW YORK, AS SEEN FROM THE NARROWS. 

made all gay and happy. In time, as their mutual acquaintance pro- 
gressed, the white-skins told them they would stay with them if they 
allowed them as much land for cultivation as the hide of a bullock, 
spread before them, could cover or encompass. The request was 
granted, and the pale men thereupon, beginning at a starting-point on 
the hide, cut it up into one long-extended, narrow strip, or thong, suf- 
ficient to encompass a large place. Their cunning equally surprised and 
amused the confiding and simple Indians, who willingly allowed the 
success of their artifice, and backed it with a cordial welcome.'" Such 
was the acquisition of the site of New York, on the Island called 
Manhattan, — an Indian name, signifying " the place where they all got 
drunk." 

Hudson proceeded to explore the river which now b.ears his name, 
and after sailing up to the present site of Albany, returned to Man- 
hattan and immediately sailed for Europe, where his report of the 




m:w ^oKk •• TKiia.Ni;", miLDiNr:. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



145 



newly-discovered land led to the formation of the colony already 
mentioned. 

" New Amsterdam," as the settlement was named by the Dutch, 
had a clieckered history. The English, without any claim of right, 
took it in 1664, but the Dutch succeeded in recovering it in 1673. 
About one year afterward the Duke of York — to whom it had been 
given by Charles the Second when the English claimed possession of 
it — seized it, and it was named New York in his honor. Prior to 
British rule, the city was laid out in streets, some of them as crooked 
as the paths made by the roaming cattle, and " contained one hundred 
and twenty houses, with extensive gardens." In 1677 it comprised 368 
houses, and the assessed value of property was £95,000 sterling. " Dur- 
ing the military rule of Governor Colve, who held the city for one year 




KEW YORK HOSPITAL. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



147 




TREASURY B0ILDING. 



under the above-mentioned capture for the States of Holland, eA'eiy- 
thing partook of a military character, and the laws still in preserva- 
tion at Albany show the energy of a rigorous discipline. Then the 
Dutch mayor, at the head of the city militia, held his daily parades 
before the City Hall (Stadt Huys), and every evening at sunset he 
received from the principal guard of the fort — called the hoofd-ivagt — 
the keys of the city, and thereupon proceeded with a guard of six 
to lock the city gates, then to place a hurger-ivagt — a citizen guard — 
as night-watch, at assigned places. The same mayor also went the 
rounds at sunrise to open the gates and to restore the keys to the 
officers of the fort." 

In 1683 the first constitutional assembly, consisting of a council of 
ten and of eighteen representatives, was elected to assist in the 



148 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




THE NEW ST. PATRICK'S CATHEDRAL, 



administration of the government. In 1685 the Duke of York 
ascended the throne of Great Britain, with the title of James II., 
and immediately signalized himself by forbidding the establishment 
of a printing-press in tlie colony which was named in his honor. 
This system of tyranny was continued by the king, and culminated 
in a few years in a popular uprising, which proclaimed Jacob Leisler, 
a Dutch merchant, leader, and invested him with the reins of gov- 
ernment. Leisler summoned a convention of deputies from those 
portions of the colony over which his influence extended, levied 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



141) 




FBEE ACADEMY. 



taxes, and adopted other governmental measures. But his rule was 
of brief duration, for his measures awakened the bitterest prejudices. 
In less than two years the experiment of free government was 
abandoned, and the '' king enjoyed his own again." Leisler was ex- 
ecuted for high treason in May, 1691. 

With the commencement of the eighteenth century New York en- 
tered upon that course of enterprise and success which has ever 
since distinguished the city. Education, which had been entirely 
neglected, was provided for by the establishment of a free grammar 
school in 1702. In 1725 the first newspaper made its appearance, 
and four years later the city received the donation of a public library 
of 1642 volumes from England. In 1732 a public classical academy 
was founded by law,' and with the advance of general intelligence 



150 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




THE OLD POST OFFICE. 



came u higher appreciation of popular rights. A charter for the city 
was granted by George II. in 1730. 

One of the darkest pages in the history of the city is that which re- 
cords the events of 1714. On the 17th of March of that year was dis- 
covered an alleged plot of the negro slaves to burn the city and mur- 
der the inhabitants. New York then contained a population of about 
12,000, of which one-sixth were slaves. Many of the supposed con- 
spirators were arrested, and their trials continued for two years. 
Thirteen of them w^ere burned at the stake, 18 were hanged, and many 
were sold in the West India Islands. It was charged at the time 
that the plot was instigated by Catholic priests, but no evidence was 
ever adduced to substantiate the allegation, and it is even doubted 
whether any plot of the negroes existed. A late writer pronounces 
it " a cruel and bloody delusion, under which judges and lawyers 
jDrostituted their stations." 

A long system of injuries and usurpations on the part of the crown 
now began to produce its natural fruit, and New York was not behind 




A NEW YORK TENEMENT HOUSE. 



152 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




THE FIFTH AVENDE RESERVOIR. 



her sister colonies in denouncing the aggressions of the mother country 
and preparing for resistance. In 1765 a congress of delegates met in 
the city, and prepared a declaration of the rights and grievances of the 
colonies. The events which followed are a part of the nation's history 
and can not be dwelt upon in a work like this. The war came, and 
with it a new experience for New York — that of military occupation 
by an enemy. On the 28th of June, 1776, the British army and fleet 
which had been driven from the city and harbor of Boston, entered 
the southern bay of New York. The troops were landed on Staten 
Island. On the 22d of August the British forces crossed the Narrows 
and encamped near Brookland, where the American army was stationed. 
The battle of Long Island ensued, in which the Americans were 
entirely defeated. Washington, with consummate skill, crossed the 
East river the succeeding night without observation, but the previous 
disasters and the subsequent landing of the British troops rendered it 
impossible to save the city. For eight years New York was the head- 
quarters of the British troops in America, and the prison-house of 
American captives. Public buildings were despoiled, and churches con 
verted into hospitals and prisons. The '•' Old Dutch Church," on 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



158 




NEW YORK " TOMBS 



Nassau street, which at a later period was for many years the post 
office of the city, was used by the British as a riding-school for their 
cavalry. But the day of relief came, and the British arm}' evacuated 
the city on the 25th of November, 1783, after the independence of 
the United States had been acknowledged. This day has been cele- 
brated by the local military ever since. 

With the independence of the country began a new career of pros- 
perity for New York. Her commerce, and with it her population, 
grew rapidly. New enterprises developed new energy ; and it was 
not many years before she assumed the first rank in American cities — 
a position she has ever since maintained. 

The first government of the United States was organized in New 
York ; and in April, 1789, General Washington was inaugurated the 
first President, in the gallery of the " Town Hall," on Wall street, on 
the site of the present United States treasury building. This cere- 
mony took place in the presence of an immense concourse of citizens. 
Dr. Duer thus describes the scene of the inauguration : — 

" This auspicious ceremony took place under the portico of Federal 
Hall, upon the balcony in front of the Senate chamber, in the im- 
mediate presence of both houses of Congress, and in full view of the 
crowds that thronged the adjacent streets. The oath was administered 



154 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




THE COOPER INSTITUTE. 



by Chancellor Livingston, and when the illustrious chief had kissed 
the book, the chancellor, with a loud voice, proclaimed, ' Long live 
George Washington, President of the United States.' Never shall I 
forget the thrilling effect of the thundering cheers which broke forth, 
as from one voice, peal after peal, from the assembled multitude. Nor 
was it the voices alone of the people that responded to the announce, 
ment ; their hearts beat in unison with the echoes resounding through 
the distant streets ; and many a tear stole down the rugged cheeks of 
the hardiest of tlie spectators, as well I noted from my station in an 
upper window of the neighboring house of Colonel Hamilton." 

Space will not permit an extended notice of the events in the 
history of New York during the present century. A brief resiimS 
ciione can be given. In 1807 a steamboat was built liere to navigate 
the Hudson. It was called the " Clermont," and was constructed and 
commanded by Robert Fulton, who was assisted in the enterprise by 
Chancellor Livingston. This was the successful beginning of steam 
navigation. In 1825 the Erie Canal was opened, and gave a great 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



155 



impetus to the trade and commerce of the port. In 1832 the Asiatic 
cholera appeared, and 4360 persons fell victims to the disease. In 
1835 the great fire occurred, which destroyed, in one night, more than 
600 buildings, and property to the value of $20,000,000. In 1842 the 
Croton Water-works were completed; and in 1853 the World's Fair 
was opened in the Crystal Palace erected for the purpose. 

The New York of to-day has but little left to mark it as the city of 
a few decades ago. Her old buildings have been swept away by the 
irresistible tide of improvement, and palace-like structures have 
sprung up to cover and obliterate the pasture-fields of the last century. 
Her beautiful harbor is filled with vessels of every character and clime, 
— the mighty steamer, pulsating like a thing of life, as it bears its 
freight of hopes and happiness ; the stately ship, spreading its wing- 
like sails to soar away after the treasures of the antipodes ; the 
bustling little tug, puffing and blowing as it seeks out its prize and 
hurries it away ; the beautiful yacht, all brightness and grace, dancing 




r. S. NAVY YARD, BROOKLYN. 



156 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




WEST POINT. 



over the waves as lightly as fairy feet trip upon its polished deck ; 
the gigantic ferry-boat, pursuing its irresistible course, carrying thou- 
sands to experiences of joy and sorrow, — all these go to make up a 
scene which Henry Hudson, as he lay rocked in the " Half-Moon," 
never could have imagined in his wildest flight of fancy. 

The reader will not expect to find this a guide-book to the city. In 
every room of every hotel, and upon every news-stand, such will be 
found, carefully compiled and reliable. A few only of the most prom- 
inent features of the metropolis can be noticed here, and first of 
these is Broadway, the main avenue of the city. 

This magnificent street, which is undoubtedly one of the finest in 
the world, commences at the Battery — the extreme southern point 
of the island — and runs north through the heart of the city for a 
distance of about 4 miles. Like a river, it receives into its channel 
the traffic and travel of hundreds of thoroughfares, and then pours 
the hurrying, seething tide through the business part of the metropolis. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



157 




BIBLE HOUSE, ASTOR PLACE, NEW YORK. 

The crowd culminates, probably, at the lower portion of the Park, 
where the Bowery intersects with Broadway. Here, from morning 
until night, there is moving by an ever-changing procession of 
vehicles that have poured into the great artery from a thousand 
tributaries, and to cross this often-jammed highway requires from 
the pedestrian no little care and agility. Throughout its entire 
extent it is lined with magnificent buildings devoted to trade and 
business, with here and there an exceptional structure, such as Trinity 
Church, at the head of Wall street ; St. Paul's, at the corner of 
Vesey street; and Grace Church, at the corner of Tenth street. No 
street in the world can show such an array of ''signs" as gild the 
sides of Broadway. From the sidewalks to the roofs of the build- 
ings they garnish every story and glare in every angle. Most of 
the principal hotels, and many of the places of amusement, are on 
Broadway. 

Next to Broadway, the handsomest and most attractive street is 
the Fifth avenue, which is principally occupied with magnificent resi- 
dences. The same may be said of Sixth and Seventh avenues and 
numerous cross streets ''up town," which, though probably less aris- 



158 



STATE OF XEW YORK. 




MUSIC IN CENTRAL PARK. 

tocratic than the Fifth, are its rivals in beauty. Union and Madison 
Squares are great attractions to the city, blooming forth, as they do, 
in all the loveliness of umbrageous trees, trained shrubbery, fragrant 
flowers, smooth walks, and graceful statuary, in the midst of a 
wilderness of buildings. There are several other squares in different 
parts of the city, but none of them require any particular notice, 
or will be likely to attract the attention of a stranger. 



STA TE OF NEW YORK. 



159 




v-^*p>. 



1::'" yor 



*"■->- ~ 











VIEW OF NEW YORK FROM JERSEY CITY. 



Central Park is the great attraction of New York in the summer 
months, and it deserves the praises so lavishly bestowed upon it. It 
occupies the parallelogram included within Fifty-ninth street on the 
south, One Hundred and Tenth street on the north. Fifth avenue on 
the east, and Eighth avenue on the west. It is 2\ miles long, about 
half a mile wide, and contains 843 acres, of which 141 acres are 
occupied by the Croton reservoirs, over 43 acres by the waters of 
the Park, and of the remaining space 103 acres are in drives, bridle- 
roads, and walks. The cost of the land embraced in the park was 
$5,028,844, and the total expenditure for construction, from the com- 
mencement of work in 1857 up to 1872, was $7,419,798, making 
a total cost of $12,448,642. When the improvement was commenced, 
it was one of the most forbidding spots that can be conceived, being- 
little else than a huge marsh, relieved here and there by patches of 
trap-rock, and utterly destitute of natural beauty; now it is, in at- 
tractiveness, excelled by few parks in the world. It contains about 
15 miles of carriage roads, 8 miles of bridle-paths, and 25 miles of 



160 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



walks. There are 3 ponds in the park, upon which boats ply in 
the summer, and which are open to skaters in winter. A spe- 
cial feature is the archwa3^s and bridges, 
of which there are over 30, and no 
two of them are 
alike. The Mall '. 




-'~^^H%vf?i 



spacious <imim 



terminated bv the Terrace, 



M 



It'*- 



and south, and family picnic, central park 



where music is given in 



ning due north 



promenade run 

summer; the Ramble ; the 
Reservoirs; the Casino; the 
Art Gallery; the Menagerie; the Aviary; are attractions that should 
be seen by every visitor to the metropolis. 

The charitable and benevolent institutions of New York are nu- 
merous, and well worth attention and examination. They will be found, 
as a rule, to be admirably arranged, liberally supported, and embrace. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



161 




YOUNG men's christian ASSOCIATION BUILDING. 



in their range of charity, provision against almost all human ailments. 
The Hotel for Working-women stands on Fourth avenue, between 
Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, and is an imposing structure, 
well adapted for the purpose of its construction — to provide a home 
for working-women, w^here they may enjoy every comfort at the least 
possible cost. The New York Lunatic Asylum is at Bloomingdale, 
between One Hundred and Fifteenth and One Hundred and Twen- 
tieth streets. In location, arrangement, and in all other re- 
spects, it furnishes an elegant retreat for its unfortunate inmates. 
The New York Orphan Asylum is beautifully situated on the bank 
of the Hudson, between Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth streets. Its 
grounds occupy about 9 acres, and in its design and appointments it is 
a noble charity. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is on 



162 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




NEW YOKK " TIMES " BUILDING. 



Washington Heights, and is hberally 
endowed and well managed. The 
:^ Institution for the Blind occupies 
1^ the block between Thirt^^-third and 
Thirty-fourth streets and Eighth and 
Xinth avenues, and is a beautiful 
specimen of architecture. The Cooper 
Union occupies the block bounded by 
Seventh and Eighth streets and Third 
and Fourth avenues. It contains a 
large and well-supplied reading-room, 
a library, an art gallery, and a number of instruction and lecture-rooms, 
free to all who choose to avail themselves of the advantages therein 
offered. A large hall in this building is a favorite place for holding 
public meetings, and is rented for that purpose. The Astor Librar}', 
on the eastern side of Lafayette place, founded by John Jacob 
Astor, contains over 100,000 volumes, and is free to all persons over 
sixteen years of age for consultation only. The Five Points House 
of Industry occupies the site of the "' Old Bowery," once noted in 
the criminal annals of the city, a little east of Broadway, on Worth 
street, and is a useful and beneficial reformatory school. There are 
many other institutions of a similar chnracter to those noted, the 
names and locations of which will be found in every guide to the 
city. 

A featm'e of New York is the islands that dot the bay, all of 
which are utilized by the city or national governments. Those under 
the jurisdiction cif the United States are Governor's Island, ;it: the 
entrance to East river, upon which are Castle William, Fort Columbus, 
and South Battery ; Bedloe's Island, where Fort Wood is built, and 
Ellis' Island, the site of Fort Gibson. The city owns Black well's, 
Ward's, and Bandall's Islands. Blackwell's Island is a narrow strip of 
land 1 :] miles long, embracing 120 acres, in the East river, and extends 
from opposite East Forty-eighth street to Eighty-third street. On this 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 163 



island are the Charity Hospital, Small-pox Hospital, Fever Hospital, 
Infants' Hospital, Hospital for Incurables, Hospital for Epileptics, Hos- 
pital for Paralytics, Penitentiary, Almshouse, Workhouse, and Lunatic 
Asylum. Ward's Island, containing 220 acres, is at the junction of 
East and Harlem rivers, opposite One Hundredth and One Ilun- 
dred-and-Fourteenth streets. It contains a Hospital for Emigrants 
and a Lunatic Asylum. Randall's Island is a short distance north 
of Ward's. On it is a nursery, in which children over two years old 
are placed and kept until their parents or guardians are able to pro- 
vide for them. A school for idiot children is also located on 
this island. All these islands are under the charge of the commis- 
sioners of charities and correction. A good view of the islands 
can be had by taking one of the steamboats from Peck slip for 
Harlem. 

Any sketch of New York would be incomplete that did not mention 
its hotels. These are more numerous, extensiA^e, and magnificent 
than those of any other city in the world. The business of the city 
is of such a character as to attract, at all seasons of the year, a large 
number of strangers from all portions of the Union and from every 
country in the civilized world. To accommodate this immense and 
continuous floating population, extensive hotel accommodations are 
necessary, and the enterprise of the city meets the requirement. The 
structures erected for the purpose have become the models for every 
land, and in London, Paris, and other European cities, they have been 
closely copied. Every variety and style can be found in the n'letropolis, 
and the traveler must be difficult to please if he can not there find his 
ease in his inn. 

No city on the American continent possesses so many places of 
amusement as New York, and their number is only equaled by their 
variety — ranging from the highest to the humblest grade. The en- 
dorsement of the metropolis is necessary to the reputation of any artist 
seeking the favor of the New World, and its verdict may be considered 
final as to the merit of any wo3"k of art offered to the American public. 



164 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



It is likewise the literary and news centre of the continent, and to it 
are drawn the aspiring or successful author as surely as London attracts 
him in Great Britain. Its churches are fitting emblems of a great city's 
morality, and it is no exaggeration to say that the pulpit eloquence of 
the metropolis reaches every portion of the Union. In art, in litera- 
ture, and in religion — in business enterprise and financial magnitude — 
in fertility of origination and energy of execution — New York is a fit- 
ting representative of the genius of the American people. 

This article on the City of New York is taken from " The Pennsylvania Eailroad Historical and Descriptive," 

published hy the Passenger Deparluient. 




DKSCRIPTION 

OF THE 



PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS 

IN THE 

STATE OF NEW YORK. WITH A POPULATION OF OVER 5000. 



ALBION. 

Albion, a j^ost village, the capital of Orleans county, New York, on 
the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, 30 miles west of 
Rochester, and 52 miles north-east of Buffalo. It has 2 national banks, 
6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, the Albion Academy, and Phipps 
Union Seminary ; also a Catholic academy. Here are several flour mills 
and manufactories of iron, &c. Population of Albion township, 5147. 



AMSTERDAM. 

Amsterdam, a post village of Montgomery county. New York, is in 
Amsterdam township, on the Mohawk river and the New York Central 
Railroad, 33 miles north-west of Albany, and G2 miles east-by-south 
from Utica. It contains 2 national banks, 2 other banks, the Am- 
sterdam Academy, and several churches. Two weekly newspapers are 
issued here. It has manufactures of carpets, knit goods, springs, and 
various other articles. Population about 6000 ; of the township, 9064. 



ARCADIA. 

Arcadia, a post village of Wayne county, New York, in Arcadia 
township, and on the Erie Canal, about 30 miles east-south-east of 
Rochester, and 1 mile east of Newark. It has 2 churches. The 
township is intersected by the New York Central Railroad, and con- 
tains the village of Newark. Population, 5702. 

(105) 



166 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




ON CHAUTAUUUA LAKE. 



AUBURN. 

Auburn, a city and the capital of Cayuga county, New York, is on 
the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, where it crosses 
the Southern Central Railroad, 77 miles east-south-east of Rochester, 
173 miles west-by-north of Albany, and 31 miles south of Oswego. 
It is built on both sides of the outlet of Owasco lake, which lies 2^ 
miles south-south-east of the city. The site is undulating, or moder- 
ately uneven, and the streets present some deviations from a rect- 
angular plan. Some of the streets are lined with elegant residences 
and beautiful gardens and shrubberies. The principal public buildings, 
hotels, and places of business are on Genesee street. They are 
mostly built of stone or brick. 

Auburn is the site of a State prison, a large stone building 387 
feet long, enclosed by a high wall, which measures about 500 feet 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 167 



on each side. The convicts (about 1200 in number) are employed 
in various mechanic arts and manufactures, and are not confined and 
isolated each in a separate cell. 

Here is a theological seminary, which was founded in 1821. is 
richly endowed, and is under the direction of the Presbyterians. It 
has an annual attendance of about 50 students, and a library of 
8000 volumes. The Auburn. Academic High School, founded in 
18G6, has an annual attendance of about 100 pupils, male and 
female. 

Auburn contains a court-house, 5 or 6 national banks, 14 churches, 
a State armory, academy of music, and printing offices wliich issue 3 
daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Among the churches of Auburn are 1 
Baptist, 1 Disciple, 2 Episcopal, 3 Catholic, 2 Methodist, 4 Pres*byterian, 
and 1 Universalist. The New York State Asylum for Insane Criminals 
is located here. Here are manufactures of iron, carpets, wool, flour, 
&c., for which the outlet affords motive power. It has also several 
manufactories of reapers and mowing-machines, which are said to l)e 
the most extensive in the Union. The annual value of the agri- 
cultural implements made in this county (mostly at Auburn) is 
about $2,500,000. The statesman AVilliam H. Seward resided for 
many years in this city, and was buried here. Population in 1860, 
10,980; in 1870, 17,225; in 1875, 18,359; in 1880, 21,924. 



BARTON. 



P>ARTON, a post township of Tioga county, New York, is on the 
Suscpehanna river, and is partly drained b}' Cayuta creek. It contains 
the large village of Waverly and the post village of Barton, which is 
on the Erie and Southern Central Railroads, 23 miles east-south-east 
of Elmira. Barton village \\iv^ a church, a grist mill, &c. Total 
population, 5825. 



168 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



BATAVIA. 

Batavia, a i^ost village, capital of Genesee county, New York, on 
the Tonawanda creek, and on the New York Central Railroad, 32 
miles west-south-west of Rochester^ and 36 miles east-by-north 
from Buffalo. A branch of that railroad extends from Buffalo west- 
ward to Tonawanda and eastward to Canandaigua. It is also on the 
Attica Branch of the Erie Railway. It contains a court-house, 7 or 8 
churches, a convent, 2 national banks, 2 other banks, the Batavia 
Union School, an arsenal, a public library, 3 weekly newspapers, and 
manufactures of steam-engines, threshing-machines, plows, farming 
implements, and sash and blinds. Batavia is the seat of the New 
York State Institute for the Blind, which was founded in 1868. 
Population, 4845 ; of Batavia township, 7516. 




BLl K iMOUNTAl.N l.AKK. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 169 



BATH. 

Bath, a post village, capital of Steuben county, New York, is in 
Bath township, on the Conhocton creek, and on the Rochester divi- 
sion of the Erie Railroad, 75 miles south-by-east of Rochester, and 
37 miles north-west of Elmira. It has a court-house, 5 churches, a 
national bank, 2 other banks, the Haverling Union School, an orphan 
asylum, 2 weekly iiewspapers, and manufactures of carriages, &c. 
The New York State Soldiers' Home is located here. Population 
of Bath township, 739G ; of the village, 3183. The Bath and 
Hammondsport Railroad extends hence 9 miles to Lake Keuka. 



BINGHAMTON. 



BiNGHAMTON, a thriving city, the capital of Broome county, 
New York, is pleasantly situated on the Susquehanna river at the 
mouth of the Chenango, on the Chenango Canal, and on the Erie 
Railroad, 215 miles north-west of New York, 59 miles east of Elmira, 
and 80 miles south-by-east from Syracuse. It is the southern termi- 
nus of the Syracuse, Binghamton and New York Railroad, and the 
south-western terminus of the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad, by 
Avhich it is 142 miles from Albany. Another railroad extends south- 
ward to Scranton. It contains the Dean College, 12 churches, a high 
school, a Catholic academy, 3 national banks, 2 other banks, the Bing- 
hamton Academy, the New York State Asylum for Inebriates, which 
is about 365 feet long, and built of stone and brick, and manufactures 
of flour, steam-engines, carriages, leather, and boots and shoes. Three 
daily and 4 or 5 weekly newspapers are published here. Population 
in 1870, 12,G92; in 1875, 15,550; in 1880, 17,317. 



170 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



BROOKHAVEX. 

Brookhaven, a large township of Suffolk county, New York, is 
bounded on the north by Long Island sound, and on the south by 
the Atlantic Ocean, and is intersected by the Long Island Railroad. 
It contains the villages of Patchogue, Port Jefferson, Brookhaven, 
Setauket, &c. The soil in some parts is fertile. Population in ISSO, 
11,544. The village of Brookhaven is about 60 miles east of Brook- 
lyn, near the Long Island Baikoad. It has 2 churches. Population 
about 20U. 



BROOKLYN. 



Brooklyn, a city, seaport, and capital of Kings county, New York, 
at the west end of Long Island, 14G miles south of Albany, and 226 
miles north-east from Washins^ton. Latitude of the Navv Yard, 40° 
51' 30" N.; longitude, 73° 59' 30" W. A strait, called the East 
river, I of a mile wide, and connecting Long Island sound with New 
York bay, separates Brooklyn from New York city, and the navigable 
Newtown creek separates it from Long Island City on the north-east. 
The north-eastern part of Brooklyn consists mainly of the former city 
of Williamsburg, and still retains that name, but is also called 
"Brooklyn, E. D." (East Division). North of Williamsburg, and bor- 
dering on Newtown creek and the East river, lies Greenpoint, now also 
a part of Brooklyn ; while south-west of Williamsburg lies Wallabout 
ba}', upon which is situated the United States Navy Yard. Farther 
south is an irregular bluff called '' the Heights," 70 feet above the 
level of the sea, giving a magnificent view^ of New York city and 
harbor, and occupied by fine residences and churches, many of the 
former being of surpassing elegance and surrounded by yards adorned 
with beautiful gardens and shrubbery. South of the Heights, on 
New York bay, is South Brooklyn, or '' Gowanus," much of which is 




NIAGARA FALLS KUO.M COAT ISLAND. 



172 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



low and marshy. At the south-east extremity of the city, situated 
upon a high ridge and overlooking New York bay, New York city, 
and Brooklyn, with views of Jersey City, Staten Island, and the 
Atlantic Ocean, is the ^veil-known Greenwood Cemetery, containing 
about 400 acres; while on the same ridge (now termed "the Hill"), 
which extends in a north-east direction to Long Island sound, parallel 
to and at a distance of about 2 miles from the East river, is situated 
Prospect Park, covering 570 acres, the cost of which, including its 
adornments and the two great boulevards connected with it, one of 
which extends to the beach at Coney Island and the other to East 
New York, has been about $12,000,000. Here is Ridgewood Reser- 
voir, from which the city is largely supplied with water, and here 
also are some of the finest streets of Brooklyn. 

Eio-ht or more lines of steam ferrv-boats connect the various sections 
of Brooklyn with New York, and other lines connect it M'ith Jersey 
City. The East River Suspension Bridge, not yet finished (1882), 
designed to accommodate railway trafiic, as well as foot-passage and 
carriages, extends from Brooklyn to New York. This is the longest 
suspension bridge in the world, having a total length of 5987 feet ; 
with a river span of 1595 feet and a breadth of 85 feet. 

Brooklyn is the terminus of the branches of the main Long Island 
Railway system, connecting it with Greenport and Sag Harbor and 
all the principal points on Long Island, while " Annex " boats transfer 
passengers to and from the trunk railroad lines at Jersey City and also 
connect with the Albany and Boston boats. Five or more railways 
connect it with Cone}' Ishind, thus placing that famous bathing-ground 
within easy reach of the residents of the city. The system of street 
and suburban railways is very extensive. Freight-cars are also 
brought to its docks and warehouses by floats and steam-tugs, great 
numbers of which are employed in this business. Much of its 
freight comes in canal-boats down the Hudson river. 

The Atlantic Dock, on Buttermilk Channel, opposite Governor's 
Island, and one mile south of Fulton Ferry, and the Erie and 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



173 







BRIDGE OF THE SYRACUSE, GENEVa aTsD 
CORNING RAILWAY, AT DRESDEN. 



Brooklyn Basins, all in South 
Brooklyn, are among the most 
extensive works of the kind in ^-:^-^" 

the United States, and are lined with immense storehouses for 
grain and other freight, forming, perhaps, the largest grain-depot 
in the world. The Atlantic Dock, erected by a company incor- 
porated in 1840, with a capital of $1,000,000, embraces within 
the piers 40.86 acres. The Erie and Brooklyn Basins have areas 
respectively of 60 and 40 acres. The United States Navy Yard oc- 
cupies about 40 acres of ground, which is inclosed on the land side 
by a high stone wall, and contains, besides the residences of the 
officers, extensive shiphouses, workshops, and a large amount of mil- 
itary stores. Here is an extensive dry-dock, which cost about 
11,000,000. 

Brooklyn has a water-front of 10 miles, a circumference of 22 miles, 
and an area of 16,000 acres. Its manufacturing interests are large 
and varied. The refining of sugar and petroleum, and the manufac- 
ture of glass, chandlery, clothing, carpets, cordage, chemicals, paints, 
linseed oil, oil-cloth, metallic wares, tobacco, castings, steam boilers, 
hats, wire, lace, buttons, paper, and felt goods, are extensively carried 



174 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



on. A very important industry is the loading and unloading of ships 
and the storage of freight, such as grain, provisions, petroleum, and' 
the like. Greenpoint is extensively engaged in the building and 
reijairing of ships, and immense manufacturing interests are located 
in the old city of Williamsburg. 

Brooklyn has 4 national and 8 other banks, 15 savings banks, two 
of which — "The Brooklyn" and "The Williamsburg" — have each 
deposits of $10,000,000; 3 daily, 4 weekly, 2 bi-weekly, and 9 
monthly periodicals. 

Among the public buildings are the court-house, which cost $543,- 
000, the old city hall, the new municipal building, erected at a cost 
of $200,000, academy of music with a seating capacity of 2400, 
academy of design, Brooklyn library, city jail, city hospital, house of cor- 
rection, almshouse, lunatic asylum, deaf-mute asylum, &c. The chari- 
table institutions comprise homes for destitute children, for newsboys, 
for the aged, for the idiotic and deformed, and numerous orphanages, 
dispensaries, infirmaries, and hospitals. The city has 279 churches, some 
of them being buildings of great architectural merit; 58 public schools 
with 90,000 pupils, employing 1150 teachers, and costing $1,100,000 
yearly ; 2 medical colleges, a Catholic college and priests' seminary, 
numerous convents, often with schools attached, and many private 
and incorporated academies and seminaries. Of the churches there 
are 30 Baptist, 21 Congregational, 16 Dutcli Reformed, 49 Episcopal, 
G Jewish, 14 Luther.-in, 57 Methodist, 29 Presbyterian, 41 Roman 
Catholic, &c. It is the seat of the Catholic bishop of Brooklyn, and 
of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Island. The environs 
of the city are very fine. 

In 1776 the battle of Long Island, so disastrous to us, was fought 
u])on ground now partly within the city limits ; and at Wallabout 
bay, in the ReAolutionary War, were stationed the English prison- 
ships, in which it is said nearly 12,000 Americans i)erished from close 
confini>ment and other ill-treatment. The bodies of the sufierers 
were hastily buried upon the shore, with little care excei>t to conceal 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL. 

them from sight. In 1808, their bones, which were beginning to be 
washed from their graves, were taken up and placed in thirteen 
coffins, inscribed with the names of the thirteen original States, and 
then deposited in a common vault, beneath a building erected for the 
purpose, on Hudson avenue, near the navy yard. In 1873 the 
remains were placed in a tomb in Fort Green Park, Myrtle avenue. 

Brooklyn was incorporated in 1646 by the Dutch authorities of 
New Amsterdam (now New York), and named Breukelen, from a town 
of the same name in the Netherlands. It was incorporated as a 
township under its present name in April, 1806, and as a city, hav- 
ing the same limits as a township, 6 miles long and 4 miles wide 
at its greatest breadth, in 1834. In 1855, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, 
and Bushwick were united under one government. The city is now 
divided into 25 wards, and ranks as the third in the United States 
in population. Population in 1810, 4402; in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 
15,396; in 1840, 36,233; in 1850, 96,838; in 1860, 266,661; in 
1865, 296,112; in 1870, 396,099; in 1875, 484,616; in 1880, 
566,063. 



176 STA TE OF NEW YORK. 



BUFFALO. 

Buffalo, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Erie county, 
New York, is situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, in latitude 
42° 53' N., longitude 78° 55' W., being 352 miles west of Albany by 
the Erie Canal (300 miles by the New York Central Railroad), 460 
miles north-west of New York by the Buffalo, New York and Erie 
Railroad, 22 miles south-south-east of Niagara Falls, 182 miles north- 
east of Cleveland by the Cleveland and Erie and Buffiilo and State 
Line Railroads (103 miles by water), and 290 miles east-by-north 
of Detroit. It has railway connections with Goderich on Lake Huron, 
159 miles distant, via the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, with 
Detroit and Sarnia via the Great Western Railway, and with Toronto 
and Montreal via the Grand Trunk Railway. 

The city has a water-front of about 5 miles, being about 21 miles 
on the hike and 21 miles on the Niagara river. The site on the 
lake front gradually rises, and at the distance of about 2 miles becomes 
an extended undulating j^lain 50 feet above the water-level of the 
harbor. A portion of the river front is a bold bluff 60 feet above the 
water-level of the river and of the Erie Canal, which passes near it. 
A more elevated portion of the site affords fine views of the city, 
Niagara river, the Canada shore, the lake and bay, and the hilly 
country to the south-east. Buffalo, in the main, is handsomely built. 
Its streets are broad and straight, and for the most jjart intersect one 
another at right angles. Main street, extending about 3 miles, Niagara 
street, 4 miles, and Delaware street, 3 miles, are particularly worthy 
of mention. About li miles above the point where the waters of the 
lake merge in the Niagara river, Buffalo creek enters the lake from 
the east and the Erie Canal from the north-west, being nearly parallel 
in their passage through the city and harbor. The streets in the more 
elevated portions of the city are bordered with a profusion of shade- 
trees, and the more important avenues have many fine residences. 
Shade-trees also adorn the public squares — five in all, named Niagara, 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



177 



Lafayette Place, Washington, Franklin, and Delaware Place — and 
Terrace Park. 

Favorably located for business, and with many advantages as a 
place of residence, Buffalo shows a ratio of increase in population 
considerably above the average of that of cities in the eastern and 
older portions of the United States, taking rank as the eleventh 
in population in the census of 1870. It is divided into lo wards, and 
governed by a mayor and 26 aldermen; the other city officers are a 
ti'easurer, comptroller, city attorney, superintendent of education, city 




PORTAL OK PALACE HOTEL, BUFFALO. 

engineer, overseer of the poor, and 3 assessors. It claims to be the 
cleanest, best lighted, and healthiest city in the United States, 
with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage ; it 
has an ample water-supply, obtained from the Niagara through a 
tunnel extending nearly to the middle of the river ; an efficient police 
department ; a paid fire department, which is well equipped and is 
assisted by 3 volunteer hook-and-ladder companies and a volunteer pro- 
tection company ; a fire and police alarm telegraph, with 70 miles of 



178 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



wire, and signal-stations 
and alarm-gongs at all 
necessary points ; gas is 
supplied by three private 
companies, telephonic fa- 
cilities extend to various 
sections of the city, and 
there are several lines of 
-treet railways. The 
iiblic buildings include 
the United States cus- 
tom-house and post office 
(which also accommo- 
dates the United States 
courts), the State arsen- 
al, the county court- 
house and prison, the 
city hall and jail, the 
general hospital, several 
hospitals and infirmaries 
under private or church control, a commodious insane asylum, 
numerous orphan and other asylums, 4 of which are under general 
public control, a fine hall and library building of the Young Men's 
Association, 7G churches, and a large number of educational buildings 
and other edifices of a more or less public character. The city has 
3 national banks, 6 State banks, and 5 savings banks. Besides the 
Young Men's Association, already alluded to, which has a library of 
about 30,000 volumes and real estate to the value of $250,000, there 
are many associations of a benevolent or literary character, including 
a Charity Organization Society, a German Young Men's Association, 
the Grosvenor Library, Young Men's Christian Union, a Roman 
Catholic Young Men's Association, a Society of Natural Sciences, an 
historical society, a law association, medical societies, a mechanics' 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 179 



institute, an academy of fine arts, a firemen's benevolent association , a 
Lutheran benevolent association, and numerous lodges of Free Masons, 
Odd Fellows, &c. The distinctively educational institutions belonging 
to or located in Buffalo are quite numerous, including a State normal 
school and about 50 public schools, with an average of 353 teachers 
and 21,808 pupils, a medical college, and a number of collegiate 
schools, academies, &c., controlled and conducted by various church 
denominations and by private individuals. The city has a magnificent 
public park, and there is a tastefully laid-out cemetery of 75 acres, 
called the Forest Lawn, in the suburbs. There are 19 newspapers 
published in Buffalo — of which 5 are English and 4 German dailies, 
and 10 weeklies, 3 of the latter being sectarian. There are also 7 
monthly periodicals. 

Buffalo is an important and prosperous centre of trade, and has ex- 
tensive manufactures. Its commerce has steadily increased for many 
years — a fact due to its location at the foot of the great chain of 
lakes, and to its being the terminus of the Erie Canal and of several 
railroad lines, viz., the New York Central and two of its branches, the 
Erie Railway, the Buffalo and Lake Huron Branch of the Grand Trunk 
Railway of Canada, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the 
Canada Southern. It has easy and more or less direct railroad com- 
munication with Philadelphia, Chicago, the Canadian markets, and 
nearly all other desirable points. There is a board of trade, or- 
ganized in 1844 and incorporated in 1857. Grain is the most im- 
portant article of commerce, and the facilities for handling and storing 
it are unexcelled by those of any other city on this continent. The 
growth of this branch of trade may be estimated by the fact that it 
was only in 1843 that Joseph Dart built the first grain-elevator here, 
and but thirty years later, in 1873, there were 32 elevators, with a 
capacity for storing 7,415,000 bushels, and flicilities for transferring 
nearly 3,000,000 bushels per day. The growth of this interest within 
forty years may be calculated from the record of receipts and exports, 
which shows for the successive decades : receipts, 1836 to 1845, 



180 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




TIEW IX BUFFALO PARK. 

41,851,488 bushels; 1846 to 
1855, 174,717,437 bushels; 
1856 to 1865; 432,390,318 bushels; 1866 to 1875, 571,255,254 
bushels ; 1876 to 1879, four years, 276,123,628 bushels. During the 
same period the exports have kept pace with the receipts. The live- 
stock trade of Buflalo has thus far stood second to grain, but bids fair to 
exceed it ere long. In the amount of business done in this branch of 
trade it ranks third among the cities of the Union. The city has also 
a large trade in anthracite and bituminous coal, received from Penn- 
sylvania and distributed both westward and eastward ; and extensive 
improvements have recently been made in the facilities for handling 
and shipping this commodity. The fact that the lake shipments of 
coal westward during the season of 1879 amounted to 612,976 tons, 
against 325,676 tons in 1878, indicates the rapid growth of this branch 
of the city's commerce. The lumber-trade is large, the receipts in 
1879 amounting to 207,531,000 feet, exceeding those of 1878 by 
30,000,000 feet. 

In iron and steel manufacturing and working, Buffalo ranks next 
to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The census of 1870 showed in Erie 
county (and but a very small percentage was outside of Buffalo) 1429 
establishments engaged in manufactures, having fl 3,04 3,790 capital, 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



181 



employing 13,274 persons, at an annual cost of wages of 84,946,414, 
using raw materials to the value of $15,374,440, and producing an 
aggregate of $27,446,683. Of the total products of the manufacturing 
establishments of the city, $5,471,000 were in iron and steel, besides 
$1,252,445 in machinery and $499,305 in agricultural implements ; 
$2,240,330 in malt and distilled liquors; $1,981,932 in flour, &c. ; 
$1,786,441 in lumber, sawed and planed, besides $225,950 in doors, 
sash, blinds, &c., and $590,719 in furniture; $1,701,044 in tanned 
and dressed leather, besides $696,010 in boots and shoes ; $600,821 
in malt; $502,244 in metallic wares; $427,481 in gas; $400,711 in 
tobacco, cigars, &c. ; $363,257 in carriages and wagons ; $341,599 in 
soaps and candles; $311,821 in boats, &c. ; $286,800 in cooperage; 
$278,800 in bricks, $271,000 in vinegar, &c. 



'^h. 










HARVEST SCENE IN ONEIDA COUNTY. 



182 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The total debt of the city on the 1st of January, 1879, was 
$7,514,264.72; and the assessed valuation of jDroperty was $88,876,545 
(real estate, $80,929,165 ; personal property, $7,947,380). 

Buffalo, originally laid out by the Holland Company in 1801, 
became in 1812 a military post. It was burnt in December, 1813, 
when of the 200 houses composing the village, all but two were de- 
stroyed by the British and Indians. By act of Congress $80,000 was 
voted to compensate the sufferers for the loss sustained. In April, 
1832, it was incorporated as a city, and in 1852 the charter was 
amended so as to include Black Kock. The act of the legislature was 
ratified by the people in 1853, and on the 1st of January, 1854, it 
went into operation. Population in 1810, 1508; in 1820,2095; in 
1830, 8653; in 1840, 18,213; in 1850, 42,261; in 1860, 85,500; 
in 1870, 117,714; in 1880, 155,134. 



CAIVANDAIGUA. 



Canandaigva, a beautiful post village, capital of Ontario county. 
New York, is situated in a township of its own name, at the northern 
end and outlet of Canandaigua lake, and on the Auburn Branch 
of the New York Central Railroad, which connects here with the 
Northei'n Central Railroad, 28 miles south-east of Rochester, 222 
miles w^est-by-north from Albany, and 69 miles north-north-west of 
Elmira. It is also the eastern terminus of the Canandaigua and 
Niagara Bridge Railroad. The site is elevated and commands a beauti- 
ful view of the lake, which is navigated by steamboats. Here are 
many handsome residences, with gardens and ornamental grounds. 
Canandaigua contains a fine court-house, 6 churches, the Canandaigua 
Academy, the Ontario Female Seminary, a union school, a national 
bank, several other banks, a lunatic asylum, a Catholic orphanage, a 
brewery, a spoke factory, &c. Three weekly newspapers are published 
here. Population in 1880, 5726; of the township, 8363. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



183 



CANTON. 

Canton, a post township of St. Lawrence county, New York, is 
intersected by Grass river. It has 12 churches, and manufactures 
of axes, leather, flour, and lumber, and produces much butter and 
cheese of superior quality. It contains, besides Canton the county 
town, the villages of Hermon, Morley, and Rensselaer Falls. Canton, 
the capital of St. Lawrence county, is a post village on Grass 
river, on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, 59 miles 
north-east of Watertown, and 18 miles east-south-east of Ogdensburg. 
It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a bank, the Canton Academy, 
and the St. Lawrence University (Universalist), which was founded 
in 185G and has a library of 7000 volumes. Two weekly newsjDapers 
are published here. Canton has extensive manufactures of flour and 
lumber, a foundry, an axe factory, a tannery, &c. Population in 1880, 
2049 ; of the township, 6275. 




LAKE VIEW HOUSE AT AU SABLE CHASM. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



185 



CASTLETON. 

Castleton, a township of Richmond county, New York, forms part 
of the north side of Staten Island. It contains the Anllages of Tomp- 
kinsville, New Brighton, Castleton Corners, &c., has a Sailors' Snug 
Harbor, extensive dye-works, a home for the children of mariners, and 
is connected by ferries with New York city. Population, 12,679. 




SYLVAN LAKE, CATSKILL MOUNTAINS. 



CATSKILL. 



Catskill, a post village, capital of Greene county. New York, is 
pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, at the 
mouth of Catskill creek, 84 miles below Albany. It contains a court- 
house, G or more churches, 2 national banks, the Catskill Free 



186 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Academy, printing offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, and several 
large hotels. Here are manufactures of woolen goods and various 
other products, a paper mill, and several stone yards and icehouses. 
Population in 1880, 4320; of the township (which contains another 
village, named Leeds), 8311. 



CHAMPLAIN. 



CHAMriAiN, a post township of Clinton county, New York, is bounded 
on the east by Lake Champlain, and is the extreme north-eastern part 
of the State. It contains the villages of Champlain, Rouse's Point, 
and Perry's Mills. Total population in 1880, 5407. 




LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



187 




LAKE GEORGE. 



COHOES. 

CoHOES, a city of Albany county, New York, is situated on the 
west bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth of the Mohawk, on 
the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central and Rensselaer and 
Saratoga Railroads, 9 miles north of Albany, and 3 miles above Troy. 
It contains 8 churches, a high school, a large graded school, a 
Catholic academy, 2 banks, and several hotels. Two daily and 3 
weekly newspapers (2 in French) are published here. Its prosperity 
is derived mainly from its manufactures, which are very extensive. 
Here are 6 large cotton mills, owned and operated by the Harmony 
Compan}^ ; also about 20 knitting-mills, in which woolen and cotton 
knit goods of various kinds are made, several axe factories, foundries, 
machine shops, a paper mill, a bobbin factory, a pin factory, a gas- 
pipe factory, a thread mill, and other mills. The Mohawk here de- 
scends about 100 feet, affording abundant water-power. Cohoes is 
rapidly increasing. Population in 1860, 8799; in 1870, 15,357; in 
1875, 17,516; in 1880, 19,416. 



188 STATE OF NEW YORK 



COKNIXG. 

Corning, a post village, one of the capitals of Steuben county, 
New York, is in Corning township, on the Chemung river, and on 
the Erie Railroad, 290 miles west-north-west of New York, 132 
miles east-south-east of Buffalo, and 17 miles west-north-west of 
Elmira. It is the north terminus of the Corning, Cowanesque and 
Antrim Railroad, which connects it with the coal mines of Tioga 
county, Pennsylvania. It contains a court-house, 7 cliurches, the 
Corning Free Academy, the Corning Institute, 3 banks, several iron 
foundries, and manufactures of railroad cars, glass and other pioducts. 
Three ^sveekly newspapers are published here. Corning is a terminus 
of the Chemung Canal, and has an extensive trade in lumber, coal, &c. 
A bridge across the river connects Corning with Knoxville. Poi)U- 
lation, 4802 ; of the township, 7402. 



CORTLANDT. 



CoRTLANDT, a township of Westchester county. New York, bounded 
west by the Hudson river. Population in 1880 (including Peeks- 
kill and other villages), 12,064. 



CORTLAND VILLE. 



CoRTLANDViLLE, a townslii|» of Cortland county, New York. Popu- 
lation in 1880, 7114. It includes Cortland and McGrawville. 



DEER PARK. 



Deer Park, a township of Orange count}^. New York, contiguous 
to Port Jervis, is bounded on the south-west by the Delaware river, 
is drained by the Neversink river, and is intersected by tlie l^ie 
Railroad. Population in 1880, 11,420. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



18^ 




DUNKIRK. 

Dunkirk, a 
port of entry in 
Dunkirk town- 
ship, Chautan- 
q u a c u n t y , 
New York, on 
Lake Erie, and 
on the Lake 
Shore & Michi- 
gan Southern 
Raih'oad, 40 
miles south- 
south-west of 

B U ffa 1 4 8 FIVE-MILE POINT, ON OTSEGO LAKE. 

miles east-north-east of Erie, and 460 miles west-north-west of 
New York. The western division of the Erie Railroad terminates 
at this place, which is the northern terminus of the Dunkirk, Alle- 
gheny Valley and Pittsburgh Railroad, extending to Titusville, Penn- 
sylvania. It has a safe and commodious harbor, with wharves for 
the accommodation of the numerous steamboats and sailing-vessels 
that ply between this town and other lake ports. It contains a 
large opera-house, 2 banks, 10 churches, an orphan asylum, a 
monastery, a public hall, several graded schools, and printing offices 
which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive warehouses 
and workshops of the Erie Railroad, also several iron works, a foun- 
dry, 1 or more lumber mills, and a manufactory of agricultural 
implements. The Brooks Locomotive Works of this place employ 
about 550 men. A horse-railroad connects the Union Depot with 
Fredonia. Dunkirk is supplied with lake water by the Holly Water- 
Works, and is lighted with gas. Population in 1870, 5231 ; in 
1880, 7248. 



190 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



EAST CHESTER. 

East Chester, a post village of Westchester county, New York, 
in East Chester township, and on a creek of the same name, li 
miles from Mount Vernon station, and about 16 miles north-north- 
east of New York. It has 3 churches. The township contains 
a large village, named Mount Vernon, and is intersected by the New 
York and Harlem Railroad. Population of the township in 1875, 
8333; in 1880, 8737. 



EDGEWATER. 

Edgewater, a village of Richmond county. New York, on Staten 
Island, and on New York bay, at Vanderbilt station on the Staten 
Island Railroad, in the townships of Middletown and Southfield. 
It has 9 churches, a savings bank, an academy, an educational 
institute, and manufactures of candles, felt, beer, carriages, hats, 
machinery, paper, &c. It ad- 
joins the villag 
Population in 




CAZKNOVIA LAKE. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



191 




VV -..iA' v:.>i."3>» 



CAMPING OUT IN THE ADIKONUACKS. 



ELLICOTT. 



Ellicott, a township of Chautauqua county, New York, is at the 
south-east extremity of Chautauqua lake. It contains the large 
vilhige of Jamestown. Population, 10,842. 



ELMIRA. 

Elmira, a city and the capital of Chemung county, Xew York, and 
the largest town on the Erie Railroad between Paterson and Buffalo, 
is situated on both sides of the Chemung river, in a wide and fertile 



192 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



valley, at the mouth of Newtown creek. By railroad it is 274 miles 
west-north-west of New York, 149 miles east-south-east of Buffalo, 
46 miles south-south-west of Ithaca, and 78 miles north by east of 
Williamsport. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses the Northern 
Central Railroad, and is a terminus of the Utica, Ithaca and Elniira 
Railroad. It contains a court-house, 20 churches, a high school, a 
normal school, the Elmira Free Academy, 4 banks (2 of which 
are national), a State Reformatory, a Catholic academy, and the 
Elmira Female College, which has an endowment of $100,000 and 
a library of 3000 volumes. Two daily and 4 weekly newspapers 
are published here. Elmira has extensive manufactures of rail- 
road iron, iron castings, railroad cars, firming implements, boots 

and shoes, carriages, 
edge-tools, flour, &c. 
Here are several ma- 
chine shops and tan- 
neries, a woolen mill, a 
manufactory of steam 
fire-engines, and large 
workshops of the Erie 
Railroad and Northern 
Central Railroad. The 
town is supplied with 
water wliich is stored 
in a large reservoir and 
distributed in pipes. Its 
trade is facilitated by the 
Chemung Canal, which 
connects with Seneca 
lake. Elmira was incor- 
porated in 1805, and is 
divided into 6 wards. 
Population, 20,541. 




TRENTON FALLS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



193 



FISHKILL. 

FiSHKiLL, a post village in Fishkill township, Dutchess county, New 
York, on a creek of the same name, and on the Dutchess and Columbia 
Railroad, 7 miles north-east of Newburg, 5 miles east of the Hudson 
river, and 62 miles north of New York. It contains 4 churches, a 
national bank, an academy or union school, and a newspaper office. 
Population, 682. The township contains larger villages, named Fish- 
kill Landing and Matteawan. Total population, 10,732. 




LAKE MOHONK, ERIK RAILWAY 



194 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



FLATBUSH. 

Flatbush, a i^ost A'illage of Kings county, New York, in Flatbush 
township, 3 or 4 miles south-south-east of Brooklyn. It contains 5 
churches, the Erasmus Hall Academy, an almshouse, a lunatic asylum, 
and a newspaper office. The township also contains a A'illage named 
Parkville. Prospect Park, of Brooklyn, is contiguous to Flatbush. 
Population of the township, 7634. 



FLUSHING. 

Flushing, a post village in Flushing township, Queens county, New 
York, on Flushing bay (a part of Long Island sound), on the Flush- 
ing and North Side Railroad, and on a branch of the Long Island 
Railroad, about 9 miles east of New York city. Steam ferry-boats 
ply regularly between Flushing and New York or Hunter's Point. It 
contains 2 banks, 8 churches, the Flushing Institute, St. Mary's Sem- 
inary, St. Joseph's Academy, a private asylum for the insane, a con- 
vent, and printing offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. 
Here are several large nurseries and gardens. Population, GG83 ; 
of the township, 15,906. The township contains also College Point, 
Bay Side, and Whitestone, which have manufactures of silk, india- 
rubber, tin, &c. 

GALEN. 

Galen, a township of Wayne county, New York. Population, 5461. 
It contains the village of Clyde. 



GEDDES. 

Geddes, a post village of Onondaga county, New York, in Geddes 
township, on the Erie Canal and the Oswego and Syracuse Railroad, 2 
or 3 miles west of Syracuse. It contains 2 churches, a pottery, ex- 
tensive salt-works, and the works of the Onondaga Iron Company. 
The township is bounded north-east by Onondaga lake. Population 
of village in 1880, 4283; of the township, 7088. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



195 




GENEVA. 

Geneva, a beautiful town in 
Geneva township, Ontario coun- 
ty, New York, at the northern 
end of Seneca lake, about 16 
miles (direct) east of Canandaigua. By railroad it is 26 miles west 
of Auburn, and 50 miles east-south-east of Rochester. It is on the 
Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, and is the 
northern terminus of the Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre Railroad. It is 
finely situated on high ground on the western shore of the lake, 
and contains many handsome residences. Geneva contains 10 or 11 
churches, the Geneva Classical and Union School, the Walnut Hill 
Seminary for boys, 2 national banks, and a water-cure, and is the seat 
of Hobart College (Protestant Episcopal), which was organized in 
1820 and has a library of 13,000 volumes. Two weekly newspapers 
are published here. Steamboats ply daily in all seasons of the year 
between this place and Watkins, which is about 36 miles distant. 



196 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Here are 2 large nurseries of fruit trees. Geneva has also ojDtical 
works, bending-works, and manufactures of engines, boilers, and steam 
heating-apparatus. Population in 1880, 5878; of the township, 7412. 



GERMAN FLATS. 



German Flats, a township of Herkimer county, New York. Popu- 
lation, 6746. It contains Ilion and Mohawk. 



GLOVERSVILLE. 



Gloversville, a post village of Fulton county. New York, in Johns- 
town township, on Cayadutta creek, and on the Fonda, Johnstown and 
Gloversville Railroad, 53 miles north-west of Albany, and 10 miles 
north of Fonda. It is the most populous place in Fulton county, 
and is noted for the manufacture of buckskin and other gloves and 
mittens. It contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, a union school, 
a machine shop, and numerous manufactories of gloves and mittens. 
Two weekly newspapers are published here. Population about 7133. 







LAKE SCENE IN CENTRAL NEW YOKK. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. \ffj 



GIIEENBUKG. 

Greenburg, formerly Dobbs Ferry, a village in Greenburg town- 
slii[), Westchester county, New York, on the Hudson river, and on 
the Hudson River Railroad, at Dobbs Ferry Station, 20 miles north 
of Xew York. It has 4 churches, a union school, and a brewery. 
Population about 1915. Here is Dobbs Ferry Post Office. The 
township contains villages named Irvington and Tarrytown, and a 
population of 8934. 

GREENBUSH. 

Greenbush, also called East Albany, a village of Rensselaer county. 
New York, in Greenbush township, on the east bank of the Hudson 
river, opposite Albany, with which it is connected by a railroad 
bridge. It is the western terminus of the Boston and Albany Rail- 
road and the southern terminus of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad, 
and contains the depot, machine shops, and freight houses of the 
first-named road. It has also 7 churches, a convent, a newspaper 
office, a l)ank, 2 saw-mills, a tannery, and a cigar factory. Popula- 
tion in 1880, 3295 ; of the township, G743. 



HAVERSTRAW. 



Haverstraw, formerly Warren, a post village of Rockland county, 
New York, in Haverstraw township, on the west bank of the Hudson 
river (here called Haverstraw or Tappan bay), 35 miles north of New 
York, and G miles below Peekskill. It contains a bank, 5 churches, 
an academy, a newspaper office, a paper mill, an iron foundry, &c. It 
has extensive manufactures of bricks, brick-machines, and baskets. 
Two steamboats ply between this place and New York city. Popula- 
tion, 3506. The township is partly occupied by steep and rocky peaks 
of the Ramapo mountains, and contains villages named Garnerville 
and Samsondale. Total population, 6973. 



198 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



HECTOR. 

Hector, a post township of Schuyler county, New York, about 15 
miles west of Ithaca, is bounded on the west by Seneca lake. Popu- 
lation in 1880, 5025. It contains villages named Burdette, North 
Hector, Mecklenburg, and Peach Orchard. Hector Post Office is at 
Peach Orchard. 



HEMPSTEAD. 

Hempstead, a post village of Queens county. New York, in Hemp- 
stead township, on the Long Island Railroad and on the Flushing and 
North Side Railroad, 20 miles east of Brooklyn. The Hempstead 
Branch of the South Side Railroad connects it with Valley Stream 
station of the main line. It has 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a 
seminary, and many fine residences. Population, 2521. The township 
is bounded on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, and comprises Rocka- 
way, a fashionable bathing place. Its surface is level. Population, 
18,164. 




SUSPENSION BRIDGE, NIAGARA FALLS. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



199 



HOOSIC. 

Hoosic, or Hoosic Corner, a post village of Rensselaer county, New 
York, on Hoosic river, in a township of the same name, and on the 
Troy and Boston Railroad, 36 miles by rail north-east of Albany, 
and 8 or 9 miles west of Bennington, Vermont. It has 2 churches 
and about 30 houses. The township contains Hoosic Falls. Total 
population in 1880, 7914. 



HORNELLSVILLE. 

HoRNELLSViLLE, a post town in Hornellsville township, Steuben 
county, New York, on the Canisteo river, and on the Erie Railroad, 
332 miles west-north-west of New York, 91 miles east-south-east of 
Buffalo, and about 60 miles south of Rochester. It is at the junction 
of two divisions of the railroad, one of which terminates at Buffalo 
and the other at Dunkirk. It contains 6 churches, a convent, a na- 
tional bank, 2 other banks, a pub- 
lic library of 4200 vol- 
umes, and repair shops /[/^^ 
of the railroad. Four 
weekly newspapers are 
published here. It has 
also a free academy and 
a business college, and 
manufactures of mowing- 
machines, leather, shoes, 
&c. Population in 1880, 
8195 ; of the township, 
9852. 




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M 



<^Cy^Ml 



yorK 



BALTIMOf 




STATE OF NEW YORK. 



201 



HUDSON. 

Hudson, a city, the capital of Columbia county, New York, is finely 
situated on the east bank of the Hudson river, and on the Hudson 
River Railroad, at the terminus of the Hudson and Chatham Branch 
of the Boston and Albany Railroad, 115 miles north of New York, 
and 28 miles south of Albany. The river bank here is a steep bluff, 
about 60 feet high, from the top of which a ridge extends eastward to 
Prospect Hill, a rounded eminence, which is nearly 500 feet higher than 
the river, and is IJ miles from the w^estern part of the city. 
Warren street, the principal street of Hudson, ex- 
tends along the crest of this ridge from the ba^e of 
Prospect Hill to the bluff, on which is a de- 
lightful promenade over- 
looking the river. Hudson 
contains a court-house of 
marble and limestone, a 
city hall, 13 churches, the 
Hudson Academy, a public 
library, 3 national banks, 
extensive manufactures of 
clothing, paper, and steam 
fire-engines, 3 blast fur- 
naces, several iron foun- 
dries, and printing offices 
which issue 2 daily and 3 
weekly newspapers. A 
steam ferry-boat plies be- 
tween this city and Athens, 
on the west side of the riv- 
er. This place was settled 
about 1784, and was incor- 
porated as a city in 1785. 
Population in 1880, 8670. 




CANADAKAl,<j i.AKK. — \V1U.\AT1IA ul;.'?i:i; V AiuRY. 



202 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




PART OF HIGH FALLS. 



HUNTINGTON. 



Huntington, a post village of Suffolk county, New York, is in Hun- 
tington township, and on an inlet of Long Island sound, called Hun- 
tington bay. It is about 38 miles east of New York, with which it 
is connected by the Long Island Railroad. It has 7 churches, a public 
hall, a union school, a pottery, a thimble factory, and a Avindmill. 
Two or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Population in 1880, 
2952. The township, which is bounded on the south by the Atlantic 
Ocean, contains two other villages, named Cold Springs and North- 
port, and a total population of 8098. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



203 



ISLIP. 

IsLiP, a post village and summer resort of Suffolk county, New 
York, in Islip township, on Great South bay, and on the South Side 
Railroad, 44 miles east of Brooklyn, and 1^ miles east of Bay Shore. 
It has 3 churches, a union school, and about 70 houses, also a manu- 
factory of paper boards. Population about 1127. The township 
contains larger villages, named Bay Shore and Sayville. Islip is 
opposite Fire Island light-house. Total population, 6453. 



ITHACA. 

Ithaca, a handsome town, the capital of Tompkins county. New 
York, IS nearly 1 mile from the head or south end of Cayuga lake, 37 
miles south of Auburn, 
40 miles east-south-east 
of Geneva, and about 35 
miles north -north -east 
of Elmira. Three streams 
named Cayuga inlet. Fall 
creek, and Six Mile 
creek, here enter the 
lake. Ithaca is built 
partly on an alluvial 
plain, and partly on the 
slopes of high hills which inclose that plain on all sides except the 
north, and are nearly 600 feet higher than the lake. Few towns in the 
State enjoy such beautiful and picturesque scenery. The long, deep, 
and narrow lake is a link in the chain of the inland navigation of the 
State, and communicates with the Erie Canal. Steamboats ply daily be- 
tween the place and the village of Cayuga. Ithaca is the southern ter- 
minus of the Cayuga Southern Railroad, and is on the Utica, Ithaca and 




CAYUGA LAKE. 



204 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




TAUGHANNOCK FALLS, ITHACA. 



Elmira Railroad, which connects here with the Geneva, Ithaca and 
Sayre Raikoad. Another raih'oad (a part of the Dehiware, Lacka- 
wanna and Western Railroad) extends from this town to Owego. The 
town contains 14 churches, 2 or 3 national banks, the Ithaca Academy, 
a large free library, several good hotels, and printing offices which 
issue 1 or 2 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive 
manufactures of flour, paper, carriages, farming implements, iron cast- 
ings, machinery, &c. Population, 9105. Ithaca is the seat of Cornell 
University (non-sectarian), which was organized in 1868 and is endowed 
with funds amounting to about $2,500,000. It is open to both sexes, 
and occupies several fine stone edifices situated on an eminence. It 
has a faculty of about 35 instructors, an attendance of about 500 
students, and a library of 37,000 volumes. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 205 



JAMAICA. 

Jamaica, a post village, one of the capitals of Queens ronnly, New- 
York, in Jamaica township, on the Long Island Railroad, at the junc- 
tion of several of its branches, 12 miles east of Brooklyn, and about 
4 miles south of Flushing. It contains 6 churches, the Union Hall 
Academy, several seminaries, a bank, and many elegant residences 
owned or occupied by citizens of Brooklyn and New York. It has 
several manufactures of carriages ; and 4 weekly newspapers (1 of 
which is German) are published here. Population in 1880, 3922. 
The township is bounded on the south-west by Jamaica bay (which 
opens into the Atlantic Ocean), and is mostly a sandy plain. Here 
is the Union Race Course. Population, 10,088. 



JAMESTOWN. 



Jamestowx, a handsome town of Chautauqua county. New" York, 
on the Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad, at its junction with the 
Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, and on the navigable outlet of 
Chautauqua lake, 27 miles east-north-east of Corry, 20 miles south- 
east of Mayville, and 60 miles south-by-west of Buffalo. It is 
finely situated on the hillsides, 2 miles from the beautiful Chautauqua 
lake, which is a favorite summer resort. It contains 9 churches, 
3 national banks, the Jamestown Collegiate Institute, a large 
union school, 7 hotels, a piano factory, a woolen mill, a large 
manufactory of alpaca, a manufactory of axes and edge-tools, 
and several manufactories of cane-seat chairs and other furniture. 
Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are [lublished here. Three 
steamboats ply between this place and the head of the lake. The 
Chautauqua Outlet here furnishes water-power, which is employed in 
flouring mills and other miUs. Population in 1870, 5336; in 1880, 9357. 



206 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



JOHNSTOWN. 

Johnstown, a post village, capital of Fulton county, New York, 
in Johnstown township, on Cayadutta creek, and on the Fonda, 
Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad, 4 miles north of Fonda, and 
48 miles west-north-west of Albany. It has 9 churches, a union 




RAMAPO FALLS, ERIE RAILWAY. 

school, 2 banks, gas-works, 
3 newspaper offices, 2 grist 

mills, a planing mill, and /' J^^ ^^r^"-^ ^ ^^"^ \ 

manufactures of gloves and mittens. Population, 5013. The town- 
ship contains the large village of Gloversville. Total population, 
16,626. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



207 



KINGSTON. 

Kingston, a city, capital of Ulster county. New York, in Kings- 
ton township, 2 miles west of the Hudson river, 54 miles south 
of Albany, and 1^ miles north-west of Rondout. It is on or 
near Esopus creek] and the Rondout river, is on the Ulster and 
Delaware Railroad, and is also a terminus of the Wallkill Valley 
Railroad. It contains a city hall, a court-house, 10 or more 
churches, a convent, an orphanage, a Catholic academy, 3 national 
banks, 3 savings banks, the Kingston Academy, a high school. 

3 first-class hotels, and printing offices which issue 1 daily and 

4 or 5 weekly news- 
papers. Kingston has 

5 breweries, 2 tanner- 
ies, 3 iron foundries, 4 
brick yards, 3 steam flour 
mills, and manufactories 
of cement, lime, steam 
boilers, sash, blinds, soap, 
candles, &c. It was made 
a city in 1872, the vil- /^F^-^ 
lage of Rondout being 
a part of the new* cor- 
poration. Population in 
1875, 20,474; in 1880, 
18,344. Kingston town- 
ship is bounded on the 
east by the Hudson 
river. Large quantities of 
building and flag stones 
are exported from it. 
Population of the town- 
ship, 1093. 




208 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



LANSINGBURG. 

Lansingburg, a post town of Rensselaer county, New York, in Lan- 
singburg township, on the east bank of the Hudson river, opposite 
Waterford, with which it is connected by a bridge, and on the Troy 
and Boston Raih'oad, 10 miles above Albany, and 3j miles north of 
Troy. It contains 6 churches, the Lansingburg Academy, an Augus- 
tinian priory, 2 national banks, and a newspaper office. Here are 
extensive manufactures of brushes, oil-cloths, &c. Sloops can ascend 
the river to this place. Population of the township, 7759. 



LENOX. 

Lenox, a post township of Madison county. New York, about 24 
miles west of Utica, is bounded on the north by Oneida lake, and on 
the east by Oneida creek. It is intersected by the Erie Canal and the 
New York Central Railroad, and contains the large villages of Canas- 
tota and Oneida. Hops and dairy products are the chief articles of 
export. Population in 1880, 10,24G. Lenox Post Office is at Quality 
Hill. 

LITTLE FALLS. 

Little Falls, a post village of Herkimer county, New York, on 
both sides of the Mohawk river, on the Erie Canal, and on the New 
York Central Railroad, 73i miles west-north-west of Albany, and 211^ 
miles east-by-south of Utica. The river here passes through a 
narrow rocky gorge, and fills about 44 feet in the course of two- 
thirds of a mile, affording abundant water-})ower. The dwellings 
are built on steep declivities, commanding a view of picturesque 
scenery. Little Falls contains 8 churches, a bank, 2 or 3 newspaper 
offices, an academy a cotton factory, 2 paper mills, a starch factory. 
2 woolen mills, an axe factory, 2 knitting-mills, a foundry, &c. The 
village is mostly in Little Falls township, but partly in Manheim. 
Population, G9 10 ; of the township, 6913. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



209 




LOCKPORT AT NIGHT. 



LOCKPORT. 



LocKPORT, a city, the capital of Niagara county, New York, in Lock- 
port township, on the Erie Canal, and on the Rochester and Niagara 
division of the New York Central Railroad, 25 miles north-north-east 
of Buffalo, and 56 1 miles west of Rochester. It is 285 miles by rail- 
road or about 330 miles by canal west-l)y-north of Albany. It is 
partly built on the declivities of a terrace or long ridge, called the 
"Mountain Ridge." The canal here descends about 60 feet fronx 
the level of Lake Erie to the Genesee level by 10 double combined 
locks of massive masonry. The abundant hydraulic power thus 
obtained is one of the main sources of the prosperity of the city, 
and is utilized in numerous mills and factories. The canal here 
passes through a deep channel which has been cut in solid lime* 
stone and is several miles in extent. Lockport contains 15 churches, 
a large union school-house, 3 national banks, 3 other banks, and print- 
ing offices which issue 3 daily and four weekly newspa^pers. It has 
also a Catholic female academy, 6 or more flouring mills (some of 



210 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



which are of the first class), numerous saw-mills, a woolen factory, 
several iron foundries, machine shops, &c. Here are extensive quar- 
ries of Niagara limestone, an excellent material for building, which 
give emi:)loyment to several hundred men. At this jDlace the 
railroad crosses the canal by a viaduct 60 feet above the surface 
of the water. Lockport was incorporated as a city in 1865. 
Population in 1880. 13,522; of the township, exclusive of the 
city, 2847. 




MT. MC GREGGOR. 



LONG ISLAND CITY. 

Long Island City, a city, one of the capitals of Queens county. 
New York, is on the East river, opposite the city of New York, 
and is separated from Brooklyn by Newtown creek. It includes 
Hunter's Pohit, Astoria, Ravenswood, Dutch Kills, Blissville, &c., 
and is the western terminus of the Long Island Railroad and the 
Flushing and Northside Railroad. It has 4 churches, a savings 
bank, oil works, extensive manufactories, and printing offices which 
issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Population in 1880, 
17,129. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



211 




LYONS. 



Lyons, a post village, capital 
of Wayne county, New York, in 

Lyons township, on the Erie Canal and the Clyde river, at the con- 
fluence of the Canandaigua Outlet with Mud creek. It is also on the 
New York Central Railroad, 45 miles west of Syracuse, and 36 miles 
east-by-south of Rochester. It contains a fine stone court-house, 7 
churches, a national bank, 2 banking houses, a large union school, 2 
newspaper offices, a pottery, a machine shop, several flour mills, ex- 
tensive distilleries of peppermint oil, and manufactories of' barrels 
and farm implements. Population, 3820 ; of the township, 5762, 



MALONE. 

Malone, a post village, capital of Franklin county. New York, in 
Malone township, on Salmon river, and on the Ogdensburg and Lake 
Champlain Railroad, 61 miles east-by-north of Ogdensburg, and 57 
miles west of Rouse's Point. A bridge here crosses the river, which 
affords extensive water-power and flows in a deep valley. Malone is 
pleasantly situated in a rich farming country. It contains 7 churches, 



212 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 2 iron foundries, 
2 woolen factories, a paper mill, 3 flouring mills, a tannery, and 2 
machine shops. Here is a quarry of Potsdam sandstone. The ma- 
chine and repair shops of the railroad located here are on a large 
scale. Population, 4193 ; of the township, 7909. 



MANLIUS. 



Manlius, a post village in Onondaga county, New York, in Manlius 
township, on Limestone creek, and on the Syracuse and Chenango 
Railroad, 12 miles east-south-east of Syracuse. It contains 4 churches, 
an academy or graded school, a paper mill, 2 foundries, 2 flouring 
mills, a woolen mill, and a manufjictory of cement. Population, 834. 
The township is traversed by the Erie Canal, and contains villages 
named Fayetteville and Manlius Station. Population of township, 
5954. 



MIDDLETOWX (Orange Comity). 

MiDDLETOWN, a post town of Orange county, New York, is situated 
in Wallkill township, in the valley of the Wallkill river, on the Erie 
Railroad, at its junction with the New York and Oswego Midland 
Railroad, about 24 miles west-south-west of Ncwburg. By railroad 
il is 6G miles north-north-west of New York, and 7 miles west-north- 
west of Goshen. It is also the northern terminus of the West Jersey 
Midland Railroad. It contains 8 churches, the Wallkill Academy and 
union school, 2 or 3 national banks, a savings bank, an opera-house. 
2 public halls, hotels called the Grand Central and Ogden House, and 
printing offices which issue 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. It has 
gas works and iron works, and is supplied with water brought from 
Monhagan lake. It has also manufactories of wool, hats, blankets, 
carpetrb'rigs, and saws. The State homoeopathic insane asylum is 
located here. In 1880 the population was 8494. 



214 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



MIDDLETOWN (Richmond County). 

MiDDLETOWN, a township of Richmond county, New York. It con- 
tains New Dorp, Edge water, and other villages. In 1880 the popula- 
tion was 9029. 



MILO. 



MiLO, a post township of Yates county, New York, is bounded on 
the east by Seneca lake, and on the west by Keuka lake. It con- 
tains part of Penn Yan, and is intersected by the Northern Central 
Railroad. Population, 5755. 




GLEN 1>AI,I,S. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



215 



MILTON. 



Milton, a township of Saratoga county, New York. In 1880 the 
population was 5565. It contains Ballston Spa, Milton Centre, West 
Milton, and Rock City FaUs. 



MINDEN. 

MiNDEN, a post township of Montgomery county. New York, about 
30 miles south-east of Utica, is bounded on the north by the Mohawk 
river. • It has a fertile soil and a hilly surface. Population, 5100. 
It contains the village of Fort Plain. Minden Post Office is at 
Fordsbush. 




VJEW FROM THE BATTERY, WEST POINT. 



21 G STATE 01'' SEW YORK. 



3IONROE. 

Monroe, a post village of Orange county, New York, in Monroe 
township, on the Erie Railroad, oU miles north-north-west of New 
York city, and 10 miles south-east of Goshen. It has 3 churches 
and a flour mill. Population nbout 500. The township comprises 
part of the Highhmds of tlio Hudson, and several lakes. It contains 
villages named Turners and Greenwood Iron Works, and has a popu- 
lation of 5096. 



MORIAH. 

MoRiAH, a post village in Moriah township, Essex county. New 
York, about 37 miles north of AVhitehall, and 4 miles west of Lake 
Champhdn, which forms the eastern boundary of the township. It 
has 2 or 3 churches, rich mines of magnetic iron ore, and several 
furnaces. The township is intersected by the New York and Canada 
Railroad. It contains lai-ger villages, named Port Henry and Miner- 
ville. Population of the township, 7379. 



MOUNT PLEASANT. 

Mount Pleasant, a township of Westchester county. New York, on 
the Hudson river. Population, 5450. It contains Beekmantown, 
Pleasantville, Sleepy Hollow, &c. 



NEAV BKIGHTON. 



New Brighton, a post village of Richmond county. New York, is 
on the north-east shore of Staten Island, G miles south-west of New 
Y^ork. It is beautifully situated on New York bay, at the eastern 
end of Kill van Kull. It contains 9 churches, several superior hotels, 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



217 




-v^l 



ite is found near this village. 



and many handsome villas and resi- 
dences. The site is elevated, and 
commands beautiful views of the 
bay. Steamboats run hourly from 
New York to New Brighton, pass- 
ing between the fortified islands 
which defend the metropolis. Gran- 
It has 2 newspaper offices, works 



for printing and dyeing silk, and manufiictures of paper, &c. Popula- 
tion, 12,679. 



NEWBURG. 

Newburg, a city and one of the capitals of Orange county. New 
York, is finely situated on the west bank of the Hudson river, 60 
miles north of New York, and 83 miles south of Albany. Latitude 
41° 31' N. ; longitude, 74° 1' W. The ground on which it is built 
rises as it recedes from the river to the height of about 300 feet, 
commanding a fine view^ of the Highlands and of the river, which is 
here li miles wide. The most elegant residences are on a plateau 
in the highest part of the city. The appearance of the city, as seen 



218 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



from the 

Fishkill ; 

Railroad. 

Junction, 

Columbia 

Newburg 



river, is highly attractive. A steam ferry connects it with 
which is on the opposite bank and is on the Hudson River 
A ferry-boat also plies between Newburg and Dutchess 
which is the south-western terminus of the Dutchess and 
Railroad. This city is the north-eastern terminus of the 
and New York Railroad, which connects with the Erie Rail- 
road at Turner's. An- 
other branch of the 
Erie Railroad ex- 
tends from Newburg 
to Grey court. New- 
burg contains 3 na- 
tional banks, a free 
public library, a theo- 
logical seminary of 
the United Presby- 
terian Church, 21 
churches, and the 
Newburg Institute 
(for boys), which oc- 
cupies a fine position 
on Seminary Hill. 
Two daily and two 
weekly newspapers 
are published here. 
Here are several tan- 
neries, foundries, 
plaster mills, ship 
vards, and lar2;e man- 
ufactories of cotton 
goods, woolen goods, 
machinery, and flour. 
THE NARROW PASS, wATKiNs GLEN. Thc adjaccut couutry 




STATI'J OF NEW YORK. 21D 



is noted for its extensive dairies and the superior quality of the butter 
produced in them. Large quantities of dairy products, grain, Hour, 
and coal (which last is brought from Pennsylvania) are shipped 
here. Newburg was the theatre of important events in the Revolu- 
tionary AVar. Here, at " Washington's Head-Quarters," a stone man- 
sion, now owned by the State and visited by thousands of persons 
annually, the American army was disbanded, June 23d, 1783, after 
a treaty of peace had been concluded. The city was incorporated in 
1865. Population, 18,049 ; of Newburg township, excluding the city^ 
3918. 

NEW LOTS. 

New Lots, a township of Kings county. New York. Population, 
13,655. It contains East New York. 



NEW KOCHELLE. 

New Rochelle, a post village in New Rochelle township, West- 
chester county. New York, on Long Island sound, and on the New 
Y^ork, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, at the junction of the 
Harlem River Branch, 18 miles north-east of New York. It contains 
many beautiful villas, 7 churches, a savings bank, and manufactory of 
druggists' scales. Two weekly newspapers are published here. 
Population of the township, 5276. 



NEWTOWN. 

Newtown, a post townsliip of Queens county. New York, is 
bounded on the north-east by Long Island sound, on the west by 
the city of Brooklyn, and on the north-west by the East river. It 
contains villages named Corona, Maspeth, ColumbusviUe, Glendale, 
Melvina, Newtown, and Ravenswood. It is intersected by the Long 
Island and Flushing and North Side Railroads. Population in 1880, 
9804. 



220 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



' NIAGARA. 

Niagara, a township of Niagara county, New York. In 1880 the 
population* was 7432. It contains the villages of Suspension Bridge 
and Niagara Falls. 



NORTHFIELD. 



NoRTHFiELD, a township of Ilichmond county (Staten Island), New 
York, It has a population of 7014. 



NORTH HEMPSTEAD. 



North Hempstead, a township of Queens county. New York. In 
1880 the population was 75G0. 



NORWICH. 

Norwich, a post village, capital of Chenango county, New York, in 
Norwich township, in a valley on the Chenango river and the 
Chenango Canal, 41 miles north-north-east of T>iiighamton, 55 miles 
south-by-west of Utica, and 216 miles north-west of New York. It is 
on the New York and. Oswego Midland Railroad and the Delaware, 
Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It is also the south-eastern ter- 
minus of Auburn Branch of the former road. It contains a handsome 
stone court-house, 8 churches, the Norwich Academy, 2 national 
banks, a gni^ded school, 2 newspaper offices, a piano factory, 1 or 2 
blast furnaces, a manufactory of hammers, a brewery, a tannery, a 
foundry, a machine shop, and several carriage factories. Population, 
4279 ; of the township, 5756. 



S'lAlE OF NEW YORK. 



221 




GLEN MODNTAIN HOUSE, WATKINS GLEN. 



OGDENSBURG. 

Ogdensburg, a city and port of entry in Oswegatchie township, St. 
Lawrence county, New York, on the river St. Lawrence, at the mouth 
of the Oswegatchie, and opposite Prescott, Canada. Latitude, 44° 
41' N.; longitude, 75° 31' W. By railroad it is 61 miles west-by-south 
of Malone, 142 miles north of Rome, and 250 miles north-north-west 
of Albany. It is the western terminus of the Ogdensburg and Lake 
Champlain Railroad, and the northern terminus of the Rome, Water- 
town and Ogdensburg Railroad. Ogdensburg is situated on a plain, 
is regularly laid out, lighted with gas, and profusely shaded by trees. 
The St. Lawrence river is here more than 2 miles wide, and is crossed 
by steam ferry-boats plying between this city and Prescott. The 
principal public buildings are the Catholic cathedral and the new 
edifice erected by the United States for the post office, custom 
house, and court-house. This cost about $250,000. Ogdensburg 
contains a bank, a large hotel called the Seymour House, 12 graded 
schools, each occupying a fine building, the Ogdensburg Educational In- 
stitute, and 6 churches. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are pub- 
lished here. The prosperity of the place is chiefly derived from trade 
and extensive manufactures of flour, lumber, machinery, leather, &c. 



222 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




It has an immen'^e 

gram ele^ .itoi It i^ 

stated that 10,000,- 

000 bushels of giain 

pass through this 

port in a year from the West 

to New England. Steamboats 

depart daily from this city to 

various ports on the river and 

lakes. It was incorporated as a 

city in 1868. ) Population in 1870, 10,076 ; 

in 1880, 10,341. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 223 



OXONDAUA. 

OxoNDAGA, ov Onondaga Hill, a post village of Onondaga county, 
New York, in a township of the same name, 4 miles south-west of 
Syracuse. It has 3 churches. Population, 210. Here is Onondaga 
Post Office. The township is drained by Onondaga creek, and con- 
tains a larger village, named Onondaga Valley, also hamlets named 
Danforth, Navarino, and Howlet Hill. Population of the town- 
ship, 6358. 



ORANGETOWN. 



Orangetown, a township of Rockland county. New York. Popula- 
tion in 1880, 8077. It contains Nyack, Piermont, Tappantown, &c. 



OSSINING. 



OssiNiNG, a township of Westchester county, New York, is bordered 
on the west by the Hudson river. It contains the village of 
Sing Sing, in which is one of the New York State prisons. The 
Croton Aqueduct also passes through this township. In 1880 the 
population of the township was 8769. 



OSWEGO. 



Oswego, a city, j^ort of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego county, 
New York, is situated on the south-east shore of Lake Ontario, at 
the mouth of the Oswego river, which divides it into two nearly equal 
parts. Latitude, 43° 28' N. ; longitude, 76° 35' W. By railroad it 
is 35 miles north-north-west of Syracuse, 243 miles north-west of 



224 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



New York, and 182 miles west-north-west of Albany. It is the most 
populous city on Lake Ontario, except Toronto, Canada. It has a 
good harbor, which is formed by the mouth of the river, is sheltered 
by long and costly piers, on one of which a light-house has been 
erected, and is defended by Fort Ontario. The water in the harbor 
is from 10 to 12 feet deep. Oswego is the northern terminus of the 
Oswego Canal, which connects at Syracuse with the Erie Canal, and 
is connected with New York city by the New York and Oswego 

Midland Railroad. 
The other railroads 
that converge to this 
place are the Lake 
Ontario Shore, the 
Oswego and Syra- 
cuse, and the Rome, 
Watertown and Og- 
densburg. The site 
of this city is ele- 
vated and moderately 
uneven, and is bound- 
ed on the south by a 
bluff or escarpment, 
which is 160 feet 
higher than the lake 
and affords good situ- 
ations for residences. 
The streets are 100 
feet wide, and inter- 
sect one another at 
right angles. Two 
bridges across the 
river connect the 
eastern and western 




AT sAr.i.K CHASM.— c;i:and riAMK. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 225 



portions of the city. The principal public buildings are the city- 
hall, of stone, the court-house, the custom house, and the post 
office. A large and elegant hotel has been erected here over a 
medicinal spring. Oswego contains 17 churches, the Oswego City 
Library, a high school, the Oswego State Normal and Training 
School, a public school library, 4 national banks, several other banks, 
and printing offices which issue two daily and two weekly news- 
papers. 

The steamers of the Canadian Navigation Company ply daily be- 
tween this port and Montreal, and propellers of another line depart 
every morning for the West. Great quantities of grain, lumber, &c., 
are received here by the navigation of the lake, and here are about 
10 elevators for the transhipment of the grain. Within the limits 
of this city the river has a fall of 34 feet, affording immense hydraulic 
power, and the fall is distributed by 6 successive dams built by the 
State for canal navigation. The numerous large lakes of which it is 
the outlet operate as reservoirs, which prevent extreme variations in 
the height of the river, so that destructive freshets never occur here. 
Oswego has 20 or more large flouring mills, several iron foundries, 
machine shops, ship-yards, and a manufactory of corn starch which 
employs nearly 500 men and is said to produce 33 tons daily. 
Oswego is one of the largest flour-manufacturing places in the Union. 
Population in 1880, 21,116. 



OWEGO. 

OwEGO, a handsome post village, capital of Tioga county, New York, 
is beautifully situated on the north bank of the Susquehanna river, 
at the mouth of Owego creek, in a township of the same name. It is 
37 miles east of Elmira, 22 miles west of Binghamton, and 33 miles 
south-south-east of Ithaca. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses 




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il ?,«■, 



■fi^^'.^MSM^ 






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.;''JJ)t;:'*^'^v'. 









STATE OF NEW YORK. 227 



the Southern Central Raih-oad, and is connected with Ithaca by a 
branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It con- 
tains a handsome court-house, 7 churches, the Owego Free Academy, 
2 national banks, manufactures of flour, leather, lumber, &c., and 
printing offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here is a bridge 
across the river ; and near the northern border of the village is the 
Evergreen Cemetery, on a hill about 200 feet high. In 1880 the 
population was 5525 j of the township, 9884. 



OYSTER BAY. 



Oyster Bay, a post village and watering place in Oyster Bay town- 
ship, Queens county. New York, on an inlet of Long Island sound, about 
30 miles east-by-north of New York, and 24 miles north of Syasset. 
It contains 6 churches. Steamboats ply between this place and New 
York. Population in 1870, 889 ; in 1880, 1255. The township is 
bounded north by Long Island sound, and south by the Atlantic 
Ocean. It contains Grien Cove and other villages. Population of town- 
ship, 11,923. 

PEEKSKILL, 

Peekskill, a post village in Cortland township, Westchester county, 
New York, on the eastern bank of the Hudson river, 17 miles below 
Newburg, and 42 miles north of New York, with which it is con- 
nected by the Pludson River Railroad. It is near the place where 
the river emerges from the Highlands, and is surrounded by beautiful 
scenery. It contains 15 churches, a convent, an academy, several 
superior schools, a national bank, a savings bank; a blast furnace, 
several iron foundries and machine shops, gas-works, manufactures 
of boilers, stoves, hollow-ware, brick-machines, &c., and printing offices 
which issue 2 weekly newspapers. The long panorama presented to 
the tourist between Peekskill and Newburg is the most magnificent 
and picturesque part of the scenery of the Hudson. Peekskill is 



228 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



connected with Caldwell's Landing, on the west bank, by a steam 

feny. It is supplied with good water from a reservoir or source 

which is 350 feet higher than the village. Population in 1870, 

6560; in 1880, 0893. - 

PHELPS. 

Phelps, a post village in Phelps township, Ontario county. New 
York, on the Canandaigua Outlet, at the mouth of Flint creek, 8 
miles north-west of Geneva. It is also on the Sodus Point and 
Southern Railroad where it crosses the Auburn Branch of the New 
York Central Railroad, 33 miles west of Auburn. It has 5 churches, 
a classical school, a newspaper office, a bank, and manufactures of 
gloves, mittens, malt, plows, and plaster. Population, 1369 ; of the 
township, 5189. 

PLATTSBURG. 

Plattsburg, a post town and port of entry, capital of Clinton 
county. New York, in Plattsburg township, at the mouth of the 
Saranac river, which here enters Cumberland bay, a part of Lake 
Champlain, and on the New York and Canada Railroad. It is about 
155 miles north of Albany, 20 miles north-west of Burlington, Ver- 
mont, and 63 miles south of Montreal. It has a safe and com- 
modious harbor and extensive water-power, and contains a handsome 
custom house, a court-house, a town hall, 2 hotels, 7 churches, the 
Plattsburg Academy, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, several saw- 
mills, flouring mills, machine shops, and iron works. Lumber, iron, 
and grain are the chief articles of export. Three weekly newspapers 
are published here. Steamboats ply daily between this port and other 
places on the lake. On the 11th of September, 1814, Commodore Mc- 
Donough gained a complete victory over the British fleet in Cumberland 
bay, near Plattsburg. About the same time the American General 
Macomb repulsed a superior land force which, under General Prevost, 
had attacked the place. Population, 5245; of the township, 8283. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



229 




PULPIT FALL, ITHACA. 



PORT JERVIS. 

Port Jervis, a post town in Deer Park township, Orange county, 
New York, on the Delaware river, J mile above the mouth of the 
Neversink river, 88 miles north-west of New York, and 21 miles west- 
south-west of Midclletown. It is on the Erie Railroad, at the junction 
of its Monticello Branch, and on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
and is surrounded by attractive scenery. It contains 7 churches, a 
union school, 2 national banks, a savings bank, extensive workshops 
and round houses of the railroad, an iron foundry, and several factories. 
One daily, 1 tri-weekly, and 2 weekly newspapers are published 
here. Population in 1880, 8678. 



230 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



POTSDAM. 

Potsdam, a post village in Potsdam township, St. Lawrence county, 
New York, on the Racket river, and on the Rome, Watertown and 
Ogdensburg Railroad, 11 miles east-north-east of Canton, and about 
30 miles east-by-south of Ogdensburg. It has a bridge across the 
river, which here affords abundant water-power. It contains 7 
churches, a State normal and training school, a national bank, a 
newspaper ofhce, 2 machine shops, a flouring mill, several large saw- 
mills, and other manufactories. Here are quarries of Potsdam sand- 
stone, a good material for building. It is of the lower Silurian forma- 
tion, and derives its name from this place. The township is traversed 
by the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad, and contains the 
village of Norwood. Population of the village, 2762 ; of the town- 
ship, 7610. 

POUGHKEEPSIE. 

PouGHKEEPSiE, somctimcs written Pokeepsie, a handsome city, the 
capital of Dutchess county. New York, is on the eastern bank of the 
Hudson river, 71 miles north of New York, and 70 miles south of 
Albany. Latitude, 41° 40' N. ; longitude, 73° 55' W. The site is a 
plateau or plain which is nearly 200 feet higher than the water and 
is inclosed on the eastern side by high hills. Main street extends east- 
ward from the river, and is 1 h miles long. The plan of the city is 
regular, and the streets cross one another at right angles. This is 
the most populous city between New York and Albany. It is 
connected with these cities by the Hudson River Railroad, and is a 
terminus of the Poughkeepsie and Eastern Railroad, which extends 
to Millerton — 43 miles. A steam ferry connects it with New^ Paltz 
Landing, on the opposite bank of the river, which is here nearly 
1 mile wide. Two miles north of the city are the large and imposing 
buildings of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane, which 
were erected about 1871 and cost about $750,000. Poughkeepsie 

















PCLPIT BOCK, ERIE RAILWAY. 



232 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



is distinguished for the number and quality of its educational insti- 
tutions. It is the seat of Vassar College (for ladies), which was 
organized in 1865 and was founded and liberally endowed by 
Matthew Vassar, after whom it was named. It has about 35 pro- 
fessors and instructors, and a library of 8699 volumes. The main 
building is 500 feet long and 5 stories high. This city contains, 
besides many handsome residences, 20 churches, a high school, the 
Poughkeepsie Collegiate Institute, the Cottage Hill Seminary (for 
girls), the Brooks Seminary, the Pelham Institute (for boys), the 
Kiverview Academy, the Poughkeepsie Female Academy, the Mansion 
Square Institute, an opera-house, a court-house, a public library, an 
orphan asylum, 6 national banks, the capital of which amounts to 
$1,585,000, a savings bank, a rolling mill, a blast furnace, and manu- 
factures of cotton goods, machinery, carriages, mowing-machines and 
other farming implements, shoes, carpets, iron ware, flour, &c. Three 
daily and 5 weekly newspapers are published here. Population in 
1875, 19,859 ; in 1880. 20,207. 



QUEENSBURG. 

QuEENSBURG, a post hamlet in Queensburg township, Warren county, 
New York, about 18 miles south-south-west of Whitehall, and 4 miles 
north of Glens Falls. The township is bounded on the north by Lake 
George, and on the south by the Hudson river. It contains the large 
village of Glens Falls and a population of 9805. 



RIDGEWAY. 

RiDGEWAY, a post village in Ridgeway township, Orleans county, New 
York, on the Ridge Road, near the Erie Canal, about 40 miles north- 
east of Buffalo. It has a church. It is sometimes called Ridgeway Cor- 
ners. Population, 119. The township is drained by Oak Orchard creek, 
and contains the greater part of the large village of Medina. Population 
of township in 1880, 5495. Here are valuable quarries of sandstone. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 233 



KOCHESTER. 

Rochester, a city, the county seat of Monroe county, New York, 
and a port of entry, is situated on both sides of Genesee river, 7 
miles above its mouth in Lake Ontario (where is Charlotte, its lake 
port), 81 miles westrby-north of Syracuse, and 76 miles east of 
Suspension Bridge. Latitude, 43° 8' 17" JN". ; longitude, 77° 51' W. 
The city is divided into two almost equal parts by the Genesee, 
which here falls 226 feet within 3 miles and has 3 perpendicular falls 
of 96, 26, and 84 feet respectively ; the first of these affords immense 
water-power, the second adds but little to this, and the third occurs 
in a deep ravine and can not be utilized. From the middle falls 
almost to the lake the river flows between precipitous walls of rock 
from 100 to 210 feet high, presenting some extremely picturesque 
views, especially in ascending the stream, which is navigable by small 
craft to the northern border of the city. Rochester covers an area 
of 17i square miles. The site is quite elevated, the tracks of the 
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad crossing the city at the 
height of 280 feet above lake level (or 512 above sea level), and from 
this the altitude ranges to 440 feet, the highest points being in Mount 
Hope Cemetery. The city is mostly laid out in squares, with 
streets generally shaded and from 66 to upwards of 100 feet in width; 
there are but 2 streets that run obliquely, and not more than 2 or 3 
others deviate from the direct lines sufficiently to detract from the 
rectangular plan. The principal business thoroughfare. Main street, 
is in the centre, and crosses the river at right angles over a hand- 
some, substantial bridge. The most remarkable structure in the city 
or county is a grand aqueduct of cut stone (848 feet long, with a 
channel 45 feet w^ide, supported by 9 arches), by which the Erie 
Canal crosses the Genesee river. Among the buildings of Rochester 
the most noteworthy are the city hall, a handsome edifice of blue 
limestone, with a tower 175 feet high ; the county court-house, of 
brick, trimmed with limestone, with a tall Ionic portico ; the new 



234 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



high school, or Free Academy, of brick, with sandstone trimmings ; 
ihe Arcade, roofed with glass, and containing a number of retail 
stores, &c.; the Powers Building, an immense structure, 7 stories 
high, of stone, glass, and iron, containing retail stores, offices, &c., 
and on the upper floors a fine collection of paintings, steel-plate 




MINNEHAHA FALLS, WATKINS GLEN. 

prints, &c., and a fine tower at the top (there are nearly 1000 
tenants) ; the Rochester Savings Bank building ; a number of im- 
posing — some elegant — church edifices ; numerous libraries, hospitals, 
asylums, homes for children, old women, &c., an industrial school, a 
house of refuge for boys (with an excellent farm attached), a re- 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



235 




formatoiy for girls, and a number 
of commodious, well - appointed 
school-houses, besides the build- 
ings of the Rochester University 
and of the Theological Seminary. 
Rochester has 59 churches, of 
which one is French and several 
are German. It has a liberal 
public -school system, including 
the several grades from the Free 
Academy (or high school) down 
to primary schools. The Univer- 
sity of Rochester, founded in 
1846 and still controlled by the 
Baptist Church, is well endowed, 
has spacious grounds and build- 
ings, a fine library, and the Ward ^^^'^^^ ^^^^«' ^^^^^^ ^^^e- 
Cabinet, one of the best geological collections in the United States. 
The Rochester Theological Seminary is also a flourishing Baptist insti- 
tution, established in 1850 ; its library is exceptionally valuable, in- 
cluding the entire collection (4600 volumes) of the ecclesiastical his- 
torian Neander. Rochester is connected by a net-work of railways with 
every city of importance in this country and Canada ; the New York 
Central and Hudson River Railroad crosses the city at the Upper Falls, 
and has branches north to Charlotte (where it connects with the Rome, 
Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, and with the lake steamers to Tor- 
'^ onto, &c.), west to Suspension Bridge, and south-east to Canandaigua 
(where it connects with the Northern Central), and thence to Auburn 
(where it connects with the Southern Central) ; it is the north- 
ern terminus of the Rochester and Genesee Valley division of the 
New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad and of the Rochester and 
State Line Railroad, and the southern terminus of the Rochester and 
Lake Ontario Railroad. Rochester also has two important channels 



236 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




PULPIT ROCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 

of trade in the Eric and Genesee Valley Canals, the latter here uniting 
with the former, which crosses the river on the aqueduct above no- 
ticed. The foreign commerce of Rochester, carried on chiefly by the 
lakes, though some of it goes and comes by way of New York, is 
quite large, and its domestic trade is still larger ; but its vast water- 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 237 



power makes it naturally a manufacturing city, and, while it holds rank 
as one of the greatest flour producers in the world, its manufactures 
are extensive in all other branches, among which the leading are the 
manufacture of ready-made clothing (annual product, about $6,000,- 
000), boots and shoes (about $4,000,000), tobacco, cigars, rubber goods, 
furniture, steam-engines, carriages (the largest carriage factory in the 
United States is located here), agricultural machinery and implements, 
optical instruments, bank locks, glassware, &c., and there are, besides, 
blast furnaces, breweries, the Leighton Iron Bridge Works (the an- 
nual product of which exceeds $1,000,000), and 2 immense establish- 
ments for packing farm and garden seeds. There are 16 large flour 
mills, with about 75 run of stone, grinding nearly 3,000,000 bushels of 
wheat per year. The favorable climate and soil of Rochester and its 
environs have led to the development of an immense trade in garden 
seeds, fruits, plants, and trees, the annual shipments exceeding $2,000,- 
000 in value. The business of Rochester sustains 6 banks of deposit 
and discount, 4 savings banks, and 6 private banking houses; and 
there are 5 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly news- 
papers, and 6 monthly periodicals published here. The city is divided 
into 16 wards, and its government is intrusted to a mayor and a board 
of aldermen, with various heads of departments and a board of educa- 
tion ; it has an efficient police system, a paid fire department, a fire 
and police telegraph, &c. ; its streets, stores, and houses are lighted 
with gas, and it is fully supplied with water by two systems, separate, 
but capable of being consolidated into one upon occasion, one of which 
(operated under the Holly patent) draws its water from the river, the 
other from Hemlock lake, 29 miles south of and 400 feet higher than 
the city. The first settler came to the site of Rochester as early as 
1788, but the settlement did not actually begin until 1810, and it grew 
very slowly until after the war of 1812 ; in this year. Colonel Nathaniel 
Rochester commenced the permanent improvements by the erection of a 
mill at the Upper Genesee Fall, and partly laid out a village; in 1817 
Rochesterville was incorporated, and the city of Rochester in 1834, 



238 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



since which time it has steadily prospered and grown in population 
wealth, and importance. Population in 1815, 331 ; in 1820, 1502 
in 1830, 9207; in 1840, 20,191; in 1850, 36,403; in 1860, 48, 
204; in 1870, 62,386; in 1875, 81,813; in 1880,89,366. 



ROME. 

Rome, a city of New York, and one of the capitals of Oneida county, 
is situated on the Mohawk river, and on the Erie Canal, 14 miles 
north-west of Utica, 109 miles west-north-west of Albany, 38^ miles 
east-north-east of Syracuse, and 142 miles south of Ogdensburg. It 
is on the Xew York Central Railroad, at the southern terminus of 
the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, and is on the Rome 
Branch of the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad. The Black 
River Canal 'terminates here and connects with the Erie Canal. Rome 
contains a handsome court-house, 13 churches, a high school, a large 
hotel, 3 national banks, 2 savings banks, an academy, a public library, 
manufactures of locomotives, farming implements, railroad iron, cigars, 
and machinery, and printing offices ^vhich issue 2 or 3 weekly news- 
papers. Population in 1880, 12,194. 



RYE. 

Rye, a post village in Rye township, Westchester county, New York, 
on Long Island sound, and on the New York and New Haven Railroad, 
24 miles north-east of New York, and 2 miles south-west of Port 
Chester. It contains 3 churches and the Rye Female Seminary. 
Rye Beach, a summer resort, is in this township, which has quarries of 
granite. Population of the township (which comprises Port Chester), 
6576. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



239 



SARATOGA SPRINGS. 

Saratoga Springs, a post village and fashionable summer resort of 
Saratoga county, New York, in a township of its own name, on the 
Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, at the southern terminus of the 
Adirondack Railroad, 38 miles north of Albany, and about 180 
miles north of New York city. Besides being one of the most 
fashionable resorts in the world, Saratoga is visited by many persons 
for its medicinal advantages. Here are over 20 mineral springs,, 
some of which are of great celebrity, the waters of which, in addi- 
tion to the local con- 
sumption, are bottled in 
large quantities for ex- 
portation. The village 
contains two national 
banks, churches belong- 
ing to the Baptists, Cath- 
olics, Congregationalists, 
Episcopalians, Method- 
ists, and Presbyterians, 
and printing offices which 
issue one daily and 3 
weekly newspapers. It 
has numerous hotels, 
some of great elegance 
and capable of accommo- 
dating more than 1000 
guests each. Several of 
the leading hotels sus- 
tain excellent orchestras, 
and the season is further r 



enlivened by regattas up- p^-> 
on Saratoga lake (4 miles 




artist's DKHAM, WATKINS GLEN. 






WINTER ON THE DELA.WAKE KIVEK. 



STATE OF NEW. YORK. 241 

distant), races upon the track of the Saratoga Racing Association, and 
the numberless elegant ^Uurn-outs " of the visitors. Twelve miles east 
of the village, on the Hudson river, is the battle ground where 
General Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates during the Revolu- 
tion in 1777. Population of village in 1880, 8121; of township, 
10,820. 



SAUGERTIES. 

Saugerties, a post village of Ulster county, New York, in Sauger- 
ties township, on the west bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth 
of Esopus creek, 100 miles above New York, 10 miles north of Ron- 
dout, and about 14 miles below Hudson. It has 7 churches, 2 
national banks, a newspaper office, the Saugerties Institute, extensive 
iron works, and manufactures of paper and other articles. A steam 
ferry connects it with Tivoli, Avhich is on the Hudson River Railroad 
and is 2 miles from Saugerties. Population in 1880, 3923 ; of the 
township, 10,375. The township has quarries of limestone and flag- 
ging stones. 



SCHENECTADY. 

ScHEKECTADY, a city, the capital of Schenectady county. New York, 
is on the south bank of the Mohawk river, and on the Erie Canal, 
17 miles north-west of Albany, and 78 miles east-by-south of Utica. 
Latitude, 42° 48' N.; longitude, 73° 55' W. It is on the New York 
Central, Albany and Susquehanna, and Rensselaer and Saratoga Rail- 
roads. It is the seat of Union College, or Union University, which 
was founded in 1795 and has 9 endowed professorships and a 
library of 18,000 volumes. A costly stone edifice has recentl}' been 
erected for this library. Schenectady contains 14 churches, a city 
hall, 2 high schools, a national bank, 2 other banks, 2 large manu- 
factories of machinery and engines and boilers, 1 or 2 woolen mills, 
2 flour mills, manufactories of locomotives, shawls, threshing machines, 



242 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



stoves, and brooms, and printing offices which issue 2 daily and 3 
weekly newsjDapers. There is a school of civil engineering and analyti- 
cal chemistry connected with the college. The manufacture of brooms 
is one of the chief industries of this city. Schenectady was 
chartered as a city, in 1798. Population in 1860, 9579 ; in 1875, 
12,748; in 1880. 13,655. 




THE BOAT HIDE BELOW TABLE KOCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



243 



SENECA FALLS. 

Seneca Falls, a post village of Seneca county, New York, in a town- 
ship of its own name, on the Seneca outlet or river, and on the New 
York Central Railroad, 16 miles west of Auburn, 10 miles east-by- 
north of Geneva, and about 3 miles west of Cayuga lake. It contains 6 
churches, many handsome residences, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 
newspaper offices, several flouring mills, and a large manufactory of 
steam fire-engines. It has also manufactures of woolen goods, pumps, 
sash, blinds, &c. The river here falls 50 feet and affords abundant 
motive power. This is the most populous village in the county. 
Population in 1880, 5880 ; of the township, 6853. 




DECKER BROS' PIANO MANUFACTORY. 



244 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




BIRDSEYE VIEW FROM THE PINNACLE, TKENTON FALLS. 



SING SING. 

Sing Sing, a post village of Westchester county, New York, in 
Ossining township, on the east bank of the Hudson river, and on 
the Hudson River Railroad, 32 miles north of New York. It is beau- 
tifully situated on a long acclivity, the upper part of which is 
about 200 feet higher than the river and is occupied by elegant 
villas. The river, here called Tappan sea or bay, is 3 miles wide 
opposite Sing Sing, and flows through very picturesque scenery. 
Sing Sing contains 7 churches, a national bank, a savings bank, 4 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 245 



military boarding schools, the Mount Pleasant Academy, a seminary 
for young ladies, a school called Trinity College, and printing offices 
which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here is also one of the New 
York State prisons, which is located immediately on the bank of the 
river. The buildings of this prison are constructed of limestone. 
The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories high. 
Some of the convicts are employed in mechanic arts. The number 
of convicts in 1878, was 1626. The Croton Aqueduct passes through 
this village, and is carried over a ravine on an arch of masonry of 
88 feet span. The State prison is inclosed by a wall 25 feet high. 
Sing Sing has a large stove foundry, a water-pipe foundry, manu- 
factures of hats, cotton gins, files, lime, and shoes, and a book-bindery. 
Population, 6578. 

SODUS. 

SoDUS, a post village in Sodus township, Wayne county, New York, 
on the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad or Rome, Watertown and Ogdens- 
burg Railroad, 41 miles west-south-west of Oswego, and about 30 
miles east-by-north of Rochester. It contains 3 churches, an academy, 
a banking house, a newspaper office, 2 flour mills, 2 saw-mills, and a 
planing mill. Population in 1880, 842. The township is bounded on 
the north by Lake Ontario, and contains other villages, named Sodus 
Point, Sodus Centre, and Alton. Population of the township, 5285. 



SOUTHAMPTON. 

Southampton, a post village in Southampton township, Suffolk county, 
New York, on the Atlantic Ocean, near the Long Island Railroad, 90 
miles east of Brooklyn, and 10 miles south-west of Sag Harbor. It 
has 2 churches, an academy, a windmill, and 6 stores. In 1880 the 
population was 949. The township, which is bounded on the north by 
Peconic bay, contains other villages^ namely, Bridgehampton, Sag 
Harbor, West Hampton, Grood Ground, Speonk, and Quogue. Popu- 
lation, 6352. 



'^V 



•^ ffwm 



i )" 






igr_; 




STATE OF NEW YORK. 



247 



SWEDEN, 

Sweden, a post hamlet in Sweden township, Monroe county, New 
York, about 18 miles west of Rochester. It has 2 churches. The 
township is intersected by the Erie Canal and the New York Centrnl 
Railroad. It contains Brockport, with a State normal school. Pop- 
ulation of township, 5734. 



SYRACUSE. 

SvRACusE, a flourishing city and the seat of government of Onondaga 
county, New York, is situated in the Onondaga valley, along Onondaga 
creek to its mouth in Onondaga lake, and on the New York Central 
Railroad, nearly equidistant from Albany and Buffalo, being 148 miles 
west-by-north of the former, and 
1491 miles east of the latter; it 
is the southern terminus of the 
Oswego and Syracuse Branch of 
the Delaware, Lackawanna and 
Western Railroad, and the north- 
ern terminus of the Binghamton 
Branch of that road. It is 38 
miles from Oswego, 84 miles 
from Binghamton, and 91 miles 
by the New York Central Rail- 
road from Rochester. Syracuse 
has rail connection in all direc- 
tions by the roads named, and 
by the Syracuse, Chenango and 
New York, the Rome, Water- 
town and Ogdensburg, and sev- 
eral branches of the New York 
Central Railroad ; the Erie Canal the basin, au sable chasm. 




248 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



likewise passes through the city, and it is the southern terminus of the 
Oswego Canal. It is thus the centre of an extensive trade, including 
grain, lumber, and other staples ; but the salt manufacture and export 
have always constituted the controlling interest. The salt springs were 
first visited by French Jesuit missionaries in 1654. The Indians carried 
on the salt manufacture to a considerable extent until, about 1787, an 
interest was awakened among the white people of the surrounding 
country, and since then the business has steadily grown, until now the 
product is nearly 10,000,000 bushels annually. This industry was made 
the subject of special legislation by the State as early as 1797, and it is 
still regulated by State laws. In addition to the salt works, there are 
upwards of 90 manufacturing establishments, including Bessemer steel 
works, a blast furnace, foundries and machine shops, rolling mills, 
engine and boiler manufactories, planing mills, door, sash, and blind 
factories, furniture factories, manufactories of mowers and reapers and 
agricultural implements generally, bolts and nuts, saddlery, saddlery 
hardware, boots and shoes, clothing, extension tables and other special- 
ties in furniture and cabinet-ware, picture frames, musical instruments, 
silverware and jewelry, &c., besides flour mills, breweries, stone works, 
gas-works, &c. There are 10 national. State, and private banks, 2 
savings banks, and a trust and deposit company. The city has a high 
school and upwards of 20 graded public schools, and there are nu- 
merous private and denominational schools ; the higher education is 
provided for by Syracuse University, with 3 colleges, having together 
35 professors and nearly 400 students and a library of about 10,000 
volumes. Four daily and 9 weekly newspapers and numerous other 
periodicals are published he.re. There are 50 churches, with Sunday- 
schools, missions, &c. The Young Men's Christian Association has a 
free library and reading room ; but the principal library is the Central 
Library, a public institution under the control of the Board of Educa- 
tion, which has 15,000 volumes. The city government is vested in a 
mayor and a board of aldermen. Syracuse has efficient police and fire 
departments, an adequate supply of good water and gas, and 6 lines 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



249 



of street railways. In 1789, Asa Danforth having established a 
salt works here, the vicinity began slowly to be settled, and a village 
grew up, called Bogardus]Corners ; it changed its name several times, 
until in 1824 it was designated Syracuse, and in 1825 was incorporated 
under that name. In 1847 the adjoining village of Salina was merged 
in Syracuse, and the city was incorporated. Population in 1850, 
22,271 ; in 1860, 28,119 ; in 1870, 43,051 ; in 1880, 51,792. 




HOTEL BRUNSWICK, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. 

TROY. 

Troy, a city and the capital of Rensselaer county. New York, is 
situated on the eastern bank of the Hudson river, at the mouth of 
Poestenkill creek, at the head of steamboat navigation, 6 miles above 
Albany, and 151 miles north of New Y^ork city. Latitude, 42° 44' N.; 
longitude, 73° 41' W. The site of the city is mainly an alluvial plain 
which extends along the river about 3 miles and is one-half to three- 
fourths of a mile wide, terminated on the eastern side by a range of 



250 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 




UNDER THE FALL, WATKIXS GLEN. 



hills, which are being 
gradually intersected 
by streets and cov- 
ered with buildings. 
Mount Ida, rising at 
the southern extrem- 
ity of this range, 
commands a beauti- 
ful and extensive 
view of the city 
proper, the Hudson 
river, and the neigh- 
boring towns. The 
city is laid out with 
much regularity, and 
is handsomely built. 
Most of the streets 
are 60 feet wide. The 
principal business 
streets are River 
street, whose gener- 
al direction is north 
and south, following 
the curve of the riv- 
er, and Congress, 
Hoosick, Broadway, 
Fulton, and King 
streets. A number 
of those streets which 



extend parallel with the general direction of the river terminate 

at their 

imparts 

course 



northern extremity in River street— a circumstance which 
variety to the perspective, and increases the facility of inter- 
between that street and other parts of the city. 



The streets 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 251 



are generally well paved, lighted with gas, and bordered with shade- 
trees. The finest residences are situated on First, Second, and 
Fifth streets, and around Seminary and Washington Parks. Among 
the iDuhlic buildings worthy of notice are the court-house, a fine 
marble edifice in the Doric style, the Troy savings bank building, 
including a fine music hall, and erected at a cost of $500,000, 
the Episcopal churches of the Holy Cross, and St. Paul, both of 
blue limestone, and St. John's, of brown sandstone. Troy con- 
tains 50 churches, a fine Masonic Temple, a high school, the Rens- 
selaer Polytechnic Institute, a female seminary, several academies, 8 
national banks, a new city hall, a Catholic theological seminary, the 
Marshall Infirmary, the Troy Hospital, 2 orphan asylums, and a 
public librar3^ Four daily and 6 weekly newspapers are pub- 
lished here. Two bridges cross the river here and connect Troy 
with West Troy, in which a large national arsenal is located. 

This city has important manufactures of iron, Bessemer steel, 
cotton goods, railroad cars, stoves, machinery, boilers, bells, stoneware, 
nails, axes, steam-engines, &c. It has blast furnaces, iron and brass 
foundries, horseshoe and nail factories, rolling mills, paper mills, 
breweries, distilleries, flour mills, carriage factories, about 40 shirt 
and collar factories, employing nearly 6000 hands, and a superior 
establishment for the manufacture of mathematical instruments and 
globes. Troy is favorably situated for commerce. It is traversed by a 
horse-railroad, and is connected by horse-railroads with Lansingburg, 
Waterford, and Cohoes. Steamboats ply daily between Troy and New 
York, except in winter. Its trade is also facilitated by railroads 
named the Troy and Boston, the New York Central and Hudson River, 
the Rensselaer and Saratoga, the Boston and Albany, the Boston, 
Iloosac Tunnel and Western, the Albany and Vermont, and the Troy 
and Greenbush. The Fifth Ward of this city is sometimes called 
Albia, which has a manufactory of hosiery. Troy was incorporated 
as a city in 1816. Population in 1850, 28,785; in 1860, 39,235; 
in 1870, 46,421 ; in 1875, 48,253 ; in 1880, 56,747. 



252 



SIAJE OF NEW YORK. 



UTICA. 

Utica, a handsome city of Oneida county, New York, on the Mo- 
hawk river, the Erie Canal, and the Central Railroad, 95 miles west- 
north-west of Albany, 52 miles east of Syracuse,, and 383 miles from 
Washington. Latitude, 43° 6' 49" N. ; longitude, 75° 13' W. It is 
pleasantly situated on the southern bank of the Mohawk, and is regu- 
larly laid out. The site is nearly level, with a gentle declivity towards 
the north. The streets are wide, and the houses mostly well built of 
brick or stone. The greater part of the public buildings and mer- 
cantile houses are situated on Genesee street. The city extends 
nearly 4 miles east and west. The Erie Canal, here 70 feet wide, 
passes through the city, which is also connected with Binghamton by 
the Chenango Canal. The State lunatic asylum, located 1 mile west 

of the centre of the city, 

i 



consists of several large and 
expensive buildings of stone 
and brick. The number of 
patients in November, 1877, 
was 582. Utica contains a 
city hall, 32 churches, a pub- 
lic library, a court-house, an 
opera-house, several acade- 
mies, 3 hospitals, 2 orphan 
asylums, and 7 banks, the 
capital of which amounts to 
12,000,000. Three daily and 
6 weekly newspapers are 
published here. It has gas- 
works, water- works which 
supply 400,000,000 gallons 
in a year, a cotton factory, 
2 woolen mills, 4 extensive 




IN WATKINS GLEN. — A DISPUTED POINT. 



254 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



manufactories of boots 
and shoes, 2 organ fac- 
tories, a knitting mill, 2 
stove foundries, and man- 
ufactures of steam-en- 
gines, wagons, millstones, 
machinery, farming im- 
plements, fire-bricks, var- 
nish, pumps, &c. The city 
is the southern terminus 
of the Utica and Black 
River Railroad, which 
here connects with the 
Delaware, Lackawanna 
and Western Railroad. 
The United States com- 
menced in 1878 the erec- 
tion of a new and expen- 
sive building here for a 
court-house and post of- 
Utica was incorporated as a city in 1830. Population in 1830, 

8323; in 1850, 17,565; in 1860, 22,529; in 1870, 28,804; in 1875, 

32,070; in 1880, 33,914. 




THE SENTINEL AND TABLE KOCK, AU SABLE CHASM. 



fice. 



vol:ney. 

VoLNEv, or VoLNEY Centre, a post hamlet in Volney township, 
Oswego county. New York, 3 miles from Fulton station, and about 
12 miles soulh-east of Oswego. It has a church. The township is 
bounded south-east by the Oswego river, and intersected by the 
New York and Oswego Midland Railroad. It contains the village 
of Fulton, with 2 banks, and manufactures of paper, machinery, 
woolen goods, &c. In 1880 the population was 6588. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



255 



WALLKILL. 

Wallkill, a township of Orange county, New York. Population, 
11,48G. It contains Middletown. 




IN THE BOAT RIDE, AU SABLE CHASM. 



256 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



WARWICK. 

Warwick, a post idllage in Warwick township, Orange county, New 
York, on Wawayanda creek, 29 miles south-west of Newburg, and II 
miles south of Goshen. It is the south-western terminus of the 
Warwick Valley Branch of the Erie Railroad. It contains tlie War- 
wick Institute and Union School, a national bank, a savings bank, a 
newspaper office, and G churches. Population, 1043 ; of the town- 
ship, 5G99. The township contains other villages, named Florida and 
Amity. 



WATERTOWX. 

Watertown, a city, the capital of Jefferson county. New York, is 
situated on the southern bank of Black river, about 10 miles from 
its entrance into Lake Ontario, 90 miles north-north-west of Utica, 
and 70 miles south-by-west of Ogdensburg. It is on the Rome, 
Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad and the Utica and Black River 
Railroad. It contains a court-house, 10 churches, a high school, 1 
national banks, 3 other banks, and a good hotel. Two daily and 3 
weekly new^s25apers are published here. Several bridges here cross the 
river, which is 60 yards wide. The rapids of the river afford abun- 
dant hydraulic power at this place. It has manufactures of flour, 
leather, machinery, Avoolen goods, and farming implements, 1 paper 
mills, several foundries, a manufactory of sewing-machines, and a large 
manufactory of spring wagons. In 1880 the population w'as 10,697. 



WATERVLIET. 

Watervliet, a township of Albany county. New York. Population 
in 1880, 22,220. It contains Green Island, West Troy, and several 



other villages. 



STATE OF NEW YOBK. 



257 



WAWAIISING. 

Wawarsing, a post township of Ulster county, New York, is inter- 
sected by Rondout creek and the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The 
surface is partly mountainous. It contains post villages named Ellen- 
ville, Napanoc, Kerhonkson, and Wawarsing. The last is on Rondout 
creek, 28 miles north-west of Newburg. In 1880 the population of 
the township was 8547. 



WESTCHESTER. 

Westchesteh, a post 
Tillage of Westchester 
county, New York, in a 
township of the same 
name, on a navigable 
creek of its OAvn name, 
and on the New York 
and New Haven Rail- 
road, 12 miles north-east 
of the city hall of New 
York. It has 5 churches. 
The township is bound- 
ed on the south-east by 
Long Island sound, and 
contains many fine resi- 
dences. Population in 
1880. 6789. 




CATHEDRAL ROCKS, AU SABLE CHASM. 



WESTFIELD. 

Westfield, a township of Richmond county, New York. In ] 880 
the population was 5289. It contains the village of Tottenville, a 
terminus of the Staten Island Railroad, connected with Perth Amboy 
by a steam ferry. 



258 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



WEST TROY. 

West Troy, a post town in Watervliet township, Albany county^ 
New York, on the Hudson river, opposite Troy, and on the Rensselaer 
and Saratoga Railroad, 6 miles north of Albany. It contains 9* 
churches, a national bank, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and a large 
national arsenal. It has a woolen mill, several planing mills, and ex- 
tensive manufactures of bells, carriages, iron castings, stoves, and 
hinges. Population in 1880, 8820. 



WHITEHALL. 



Whitehall, a post town in Whitehall township, Washington county^ 
New York, at the head or southern end of Lake Champlain, 7G miles, 
north-by-east of Albany, 
24 miles west of Rutland, 
Vermont, and about 80 
miles south of Burling- 
ton. It is the northern 
terminus of the Cham- 
plain Canal, and is at 
the junction of two di- 
visions of the Rensselaer 
and Saratoga Railroad. 
It is picturesquely sit- 
uated in a ravine at the 
foot of Skene's mountain 
and at the mouth of 
Wood creek. Several 
elegant steamboats ply 
daily (in the season) be- 
tween Whitehall and the 
other ports on the lake. the flume, au sable chasm. 




STATE OF NEW YORK. 



259 



Whitehall is the most populous town in the county. It contains 5 
churches, an academy, 3 national banks, a high school, 2 newspaper 
offices, a machine shop, and 2 saw-mills. It has an extensive trade in 
lumber, &c., and has manufactures of brooms, turned wood, sash, 
blinds, and lumber. Population, 4270; of the -township, 5347. 



YONKERS. 



YoNKERS, a city in Yonkers township, Westchester county, New 
York, on the Hudson river, opposite the Palisades, and on the Hudson 
River Railroad, 15 miles north-by-east of the Grand Central Depot of 
New I'ork. It contains 16 churches, 11 schools, a superior hotel, 2 
national banks, 2 savings banks, numerous handsome villas, 3 news- 
paper offices, an academy, 2 machine shops, 3 silk factories, 3 hat 
factories, and manufactures of carpets, mowing-machines, and elevators. 
Many merchants of New York city reside here. The site of the city 
is elevated and hilly. Population in 1875, 17,269 ; in 1880, 18,892. 




260 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



COUNTIES. 



Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton. 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

New York 1 

Niagara 

Oneida . 



Pop. 1880. 

155,044 
41,801 
49,481 
55,806 
05,084 
65,340 
43,065 
39,890 
50,901 
47,925 
25,824 
42,719 
79,182 

219,886 
34,515 
32,389 
31,006 
32,655 
32,695 
3,934 
42,667 
66,106 

599,549 
31,416 
39,573 
44,115 

144,902 
38,315 

,206,577 
54,174 

115,325 



Pop. 1880. 

Onondaga 117,885 

Ontario 49,377 

Orange 88,217 

Orleans 30,128 

Oswego 77,914 

Otsego 51,397 

Putnam 15,181 

Queens 90,547 

Rensselaer 115,340 

Richmond 38,994 

Rockland 27,690 

St. Lawrence 85,993 

Saratoga 55,155 

Schenectady 23,558 

Schoharie..^ 32,938 

Schuyler 18,842 

Seneca 29,279 

Steuben 77,581 

Suffolk 53,926 

Sulhyan 32,490 

Tioga 32,672 

Tompkins 34,445 

Ulster 85,838 

Warren 25,180 

Washington 47,874 

Wayne 51,704 

Westchester 108,987 

Wyoming 30,907 

Yates 21,085 



Total population 5,083,810 



Au Sable. 

Beayer. 

Black. 

Black. 

Canisteo. 

Cedar. 

Chazy. 

Chemung. 

Conhocton. 

Cold. 

Deer. 

Delaware. 



RIVERS. 

East Branch. 

Genesee. 

Grass. 

Hudson. 

Independence. 

Indian. 

Indian. 

Middle Branch. 

Moose. 

Neversink. 

Niagara. 

Oswegatchie. 



Oswego. 

Poultney. 

Racket. 

Saeondaga. 

Salmon. 

Salmon. 

Saranac. 

Seneca. 

St. Lawrence. 

St. Regis. 

Wallkill. 

West Branch. 




SECTION OF MAP OF PHILADELPHIA AND READING BAILKOAD SUMMER EXCURSION ROUTES. 



262 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 





ISLANDS. 




Bathurst. 


Fox. 


Grindstone 




Robbin. 


Calf. 


Gallop. 


Hill. 




Shelter. 


Coney. 


Gardiner's. 


Long. 




Staten. 


Croyles. 


Gooseneck. 


Oak. 




Stoney. 


Fire. 


Grand. 


Ogden's. 




Wells. 


Fisher's. 


Gren 


adier. 


Plum. 








LAKES. 




Albany, 




Fonda. 




Owasco. 


Amber. 




Forked. 




Piseco. 


Au Sable. 




Fulton. 




Placid. 


Beach's. 




George. 




Pleasant. 


Big Clear. 




Greenwood 




Plumedor. 


Big Moose. 




Gull. 




Racket. 


Big Wolf. 




Hemlock. 




Ragged. 


Bisby. 




Handsome 




Rainbow. 


Black. 




Horseshoe. 




Rich. 


Blue Mountain. 




Indian. 




Rock. 


Bog. 




Indian. 




Rollins. 


Boreas. 




Ingrahmam. 


Roquette. 


Branch. 




Jenkins. 




Round. 


Brant. 




Jerseyfield 




Round. 


Buonaparte. 




Jocks. 




Round. 


Burnt. 




Jourdan, 




Round. 


Canada Lakes. 




Lead. 




Sanford. 


Canandaigua. 




Lewey. 




Saratoga. 


Catlin. 




Little Cranberry. 


Schroon. 


Cayuga. 




Livingston 




Seneca. 


Cedar. 




Long. 




Seward. 


Chain. 




Long. 




Silver. 


Champlain. 




Loon. 




Skaneateles. 


Chateaugay. 




Loon. 




Slim. 


Chautauqua. 




Lower Chateaugay. 


Slush. 


Chazy. 




Lower Saranac. 


Smith's. 


Church. 




Macauley. 




South. 


Clear. 




Massawepie. 


Spring. 


Clear. 




Meacham. 




St. Regis. 


Colby. 




Moose. 




Stonev. 


. Conesus. 




Mud. 




Trout"! 


Cranberry. 




Mud. 




Trout. 


Crooked. 




Newcomb. 




Tupper. 


Cross. 




Ochre. 




Tuppers. 


Darnneedle. 




Oneida. 




L'pper Chateaugay. 


Elk. 




Onondaga. 




Upper Saranac. 


Elm. 




Ontario. 




White. 


Erie. 




Otisco. 




Windfall. 


Follensby. 




Otsego. 




Woodbury. 


Follensby. 













PRINCIPAL SUMMER RESORTS 



State of New York. 



ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS. 

The Adirondacks, a region in the north-eastern part of the State 
of New York, consist of a series of mountain groups and ranges, 
and lakes of clear blue occupying the depressions — a vast wil- 
derness, covering space equal in area to the entire State of Connecticut. 
Until within a few years this region was not often visited by summer 
tourists. A trip to the Adirondacks was viewed as something attended 
with great danger and incredible hardship. But now every season 
brings a great throng of nature-loving people from our large towns and 
cities to rough it in the rude shanty, to sleep under the white tents 
that dot the wide expanse of living green, and to broil the appetizing 
venison-steak, with their own hands, over the embers of the evening 
fire. On the border of this vast wilderness may always be found hunt- 
ers and trappers, who are ready to march away into the wildest recesses 
of the woods, and act the part of trusty leaders and guides. 

Here will be found all the novelty of a primeval land, diversified by 
fine landscapes and unsearched solitudes. The dryness and variety of 
the atmosphere, together with its remarkable electrical effects, com- 
bined with the novelties of camp life and the rough sports incidental 
thereto, excite the nervous system to a high degree of tension. The 
physical functions are aroused and re-energized, it may be even after 
years of sluggish, inefficient action ; new vigor and tone is imparted, 
the appetite is keen, the digestion is capable and strong, and the sleep 

(2G3) 




CALAMITY POND I5ROOK. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



265 




DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 



is sound. The vital organs being stimulated and diverted from an estab- 
lished routine of greater or less inefficiency, it results that all those 
lurking ailments to which men in the ordinary pursuits of civilized life 
are too much subject at once disappear, and whatever there is in each 
individual of capacity to enjoy is summoned into fullest action, and one 
fairly revels in the intoxication of good health and enjoyment. 

The Monarch of the Glen, Mount Marcy or Tahatvus C*" the cloud- 
splitter"), is 5467 feet high. The trail to the summit is 12 miles. 
Mount Mclntyre, near by, has an elevation nearly as great. McMarfin 
and Seward (surrounded by Coughsa-ra-geh, " Dismal Wilderness ") and 
White Face are also very lofty. The slopes are covered with magnifi- 
cent forests, and high above all we detect peaks that were laid bare 
before Eden bloomed, towers more ancient than Babel, and nature- 
carved crags that rejoiced in the sun's warm rays before Memnon began 
to sing, and the magnificent mountain views, unfolding their wealth of 
beauties, surprise and delight the tourist at every step by some new 
and exquisite scene. 

Some twenty years ago a tremendous avalanche swept down the 
western face of White Face Mountain, since which time it has been 



266 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



:^;^rt'^ 







DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 



crowned and robed with new grandeur. Its cone is so white that it 
appears to be snow-capped, and this whiteness extends down its side 
as far as the monster slide sped. It might have been called Avalanche 
Mountain, but it is known by the simpler name of White Face, which 
it honestly earned and modestly wears. 

At its base, 6 miles from the summit, nestles the quiet little village 
of Wilmington, distant 22 miles from Keeseville, New York, and the 
Au Sable Chasm, and 25 miles from Fort Kent on Lake Champlain. 

The White Face Mountain is called the "Gem of the Adirondacks." 
It owes its name to a number of peculiarities. It is nearly one mile in 
height ; its acclivities are abrupt, and yet its proportions are symmet- 
rical ; it is isolated from the teeming clusters of peaks that form the 
heart of the Adirondacks, thus commanding an extended and magnifi- 
cent prospect of the whole group; and its bald summit, or white face, 
affords the tourist a complete view of the surrounding scenery. To 
stand on the brow of White Face is to stand on a rock pinnacle 5000 
feet high, with nothing to obscure your view in any direction. 

Looking eastward is seen the broad bosom of Lake Champlain, heav- 
ing in the sunlight and flashing back its brilliancy, while beyond lie 



268 



STATE OF NEW YORK, 




DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 



the emerald slopes of the Green Mountains and the shadowy forms of 
the Monarch of the White Hills, of which Mount Washington is the 
father of all. To the sonth, the Adirondack sublimely stretches, vast 
and wild, while to the north and west are to be seen the far distant 
Ontario, with its rapid outlet, the St. Lawrence, and even the dazzling 
spires and turrets of Montreal itself. From the summit of White Face 
Mountain may be seen the multitude of lakes which gem the prospect 
in every direction. Sixty-five of them may plainly be seen with the 
naked eye. Embosomed among the mountains, they are like diamonds 
set with emeralds. They glitter and flash in the sunlight with a re- 
splendence all their own. There are Paradox Pond, the Upper and 
Lower Saranac lakes. Chapel Pond, St. Regis lake. Copperas Pond, 
and others too numerous to mention ; but as Tahawus is the king of the 
mountains, so Lake Placid is queen of the waters. It is so lovely in 
its outlines and so resplendent in its beauty that it gives life to the 
landscape. It is a liquid poem. It is the eye of the Adirondacks. It 
is heaven's own mirror. Metaphor can not exaggerate, nor figure add 
to it. To see it once is to see it forever. 

The Adirondack region combines all the variety of scenery that can 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



269 




DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 



be had by extended journey and visits to several States — mountain, 
gien, and waterfall. Upwards of 20 of its mountains are 4000 feet or 
more in height. One of its waterfalls, Roaring Brook, makes one sheer 
leap of 300 feet. But the most enjoyable and strange part of Adiron- 
dack journeying is the boating upon its numerous lakes and ponds, of 
which there are many hundreds. These lakes A^ary in size from a 
fourth of a mile to 18 miles in length, and are frequently clustered 
with islands, fringed with pond lilies and surrounded by mountains. 
They lie in chains as it were, with small streams generally connecting 
them, some of which allow the passage of boats. When this is not the 
case carries intervene, varying from a few rods to 4 miles in length, 
over which, when short, the guide or boatman transports your boat on 
his head, you footing after. If the carries are long the boat and bag- 
gage are transported on sleds or wagons, and when the next body of 
water is reached the boat is again launched. The Saranac boats are 
very light and crank, and it is a saying that if you get into a Saranac 
boat you should have your hair parted strictly in the middle. By these 
chains of lakes you may travel for days, select your guide, and he 
arranges everything. 



270 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



The fisherman and the hunter are indeed in their element. For the 
one the lakes and streams are stocked with fine fish, while for the other 
the woods abound with every variety of game, from the wild-cat to the 
deer, the moose, the wolf, the panther, and the bear. And as with 
beasts, so with birds. You may shoot the partridge or the loon, the 
eagle or the duck. 




ROGERS' SLIDE, LAKE GEORGE. 



Still and peaceful in the warm sunlight, as if never disturbed on 
these waters, lie the most charming of little islands, dotting tliem with 
picturesque verdure. But want of space will forbid a more lengthy 
sketch. One could spend weeks in this vicinity, and it would require 
page after page of description to do justice to the surroundings. 




•^KTl 




.^.%-.^>. ^^ 



--^iij;^ 



272 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



ALEXANDRIA BAY. 

The village of Alexandria Bay, an American port on the St. Law- 
rence river, is built upon a massive pile of rocks overlooking the river 
and a small bay, occupying a romantic and highly picturesque situation. 
It is the natural point of departure to the Thousand Islands, which are 
scattered within a few miles of the place, hundreds being in close prox- 
imity to it, dividing the river into a multitude of winding channels 
small and large, and moulding it into tiny bays and coves affording 
romantic retreats, which are the delight of boating parties. Many of 
these islands are situated so closely together that it would be easy to 
throw a pebble from one to the other, notwithstanding which circum- 
stance the passage between them is perfectly safe and commodious, 
and between some of them that are even this close to each other is 
water sufficient to float the largest-sized vessels. Because of its charm- 
ing location and easy accessibility to the most bewitching beauties and 
best fishing grounds of the Thousand Islands, Alexandria Bay is one of 
the favorite resorts of summer tourists, seekers after health and recrea- 
tion, and all those fond of gunning and fishing, which are extremely 
good in this region. 




DRIVING IN CENTRAL PARK. 




STATUE OF FKANELIN, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY. 



274 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



AU SABLE CHASM. 

This remarkable natural wonder is formed by the egress of Au Sable 
river from the northern end of the Adirondack mountains, in New 
York, on its way to Lake Champlain. The river has carved a chan- 
nel in the Potsdam sandstone formation, in some places reaching a 
depth of about 200 feet, leaving precipices of every shape towering 
above the dark water. At one place the river is compressed to a 
breadth of only 10 feet, and again widens to 50. The waters dash 
madly through their confined channel, and are precipitated over falls, 
cascades, and rapids — the first fall being 20 and the second 60 feet. 
The length of the chasm proper is nearly 2 miles, and its sides and 
tops are fringed with cedars, which cast a sombre shadow over it, 
and add to its mysterious grandeur. Fredrika Bremer said that " a 
visit to the chasm would reward a voyage from Europe ;" and it is as- 
serted by experienced travelers that it rivals the famous Swiss Gorge 
du Trient. Au Sable Chasm is reached by any of the excursion routes 
passing over Lake Champlain or the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
Champlain Division, by a line of stages from Port Kent, over a plank- 
road of 3 miles in length, about twenty minutes' drive. 

There are side or lateral gorges which greatly add to its interest, and 
the boat ride tlirough its marvelous flume is without its equal, and 
entirely unique in its character. The thousands of tourists have, with- 
out exception, pronounced their visits to Au Sable Chasm as being the 
most enjoyable and gratifying of their summer experiences. In addi- 
tion to the wild and picturesque Chasm, it is situated in the midst of 
charming scenery. Mountain tops ai)pear in view in every direction, 
rolling up like ocean billows ; Lake Champlain is spread out in distinct 
view for the space of 30 miles ; and beyond the Green Mountain 
range is distinctly visible, with the top of " Mansfield," the king of 
them all, in the far distance. 

To the westward the summit of White Face, one of the highest of 
tlie Adirondack range, 25 miles distant, is i)lainly visible. The 




UPPER AU SABLE POND. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 277 



nearest of the Adirondack lakes is only 4 miles distant. Fine 
drives and walks abound, and good fishing-grounds are near, thus ren- 
dering this one of the most attractive summer resorts in our beautiful 
northern country. Persons visiting Au Sable Chasm will at all times 
find conveyance and pleasant company to accompany them, should 
they desire to visit any of the Adirondacks or other resorts. 

Coaches meet every train and boat and carry guests direct to the 
Lake View House. 

BABYLON, L. I., 

Is a popular resort on the south side, famous for its fishing and 
boating, and well known as a favorite resort of wealthy New Yorkers, 
of whose luxurious country residences it contains a large number. 
There are several excellent hotels, and in summer it is one of the gay- 
est and most fashionable places on Long Island. 



BRIDGEHAMPTON, L. I. 

Bridgehampton, Westhampton, and Easthampton, together with the 
intermediate and adjacent villages, lie in the fairest part of Long 
Island, and that which from the earliest colonial period appears to have 
had the most lasting attraction for its inhabitants. Archseologically it 
is as interesting for Americans as any of the places that have an early 
history, but the aspect in which it chiefly appeals to the summer tourist 
is that of its simple, peaceful rusticit}^ and naturalness, and the country 
home-life that it opens up to strangers and the temporary sojourners of 
summer. The bathing and fishing are excellent, and the best accom- 
modations can be had at exceptionally low rates. Easthampton is 
reached by stage fi'om Bridgehampton Station, from which it is distant 
G miles. Near it is the interesting village of Amagansett, an old 
whaling station and pleasant place for summer loitering. To the east- 
ward is Montauk, whose singularly beautiful scenery, heretofore the 
private property of sportsmen and artists, is rapidly becoming famous 
and attractive to tourists. 



278 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



CHAUTAUQUA LAKE. 

This beautiful little sheet of water, 22 miles long and from 2 to 
3 wide, is situated in the county of the same name, in the extreme 
western corner of the State of New York. It is one of the most 
elevated bodies of water in the Middle States, being 733 feet higher 
than Lake Erie, and nearly 1400 feet above ocean level. The 
lake is- encircled by well- wooded mountains, and abounds in fish 
of various kinds. Steamers pl}^ between Mayville, at the northern 
end of the lake, and Jamestown, at its southern extremity, affording 
not only a pleasant excursion, but enabling visitors to reach or view 
many points of interest and attraction along its shores. About 5 
miles south from the lake is a wonderful collection of rocks, rent and 
torn, by some convulsion of nature, into many strange shapes, and 
abounding in grottoes, chasms, corridors, and caverns. The entire region 
is very charming in summer, its elevated position and dense forest sur- 
roundings making it bracing and healthful, while nature has been lavish 
enough in its adornment to render it at all times interesting. Chau- 
tauqua Lake is directly accessible via the Philadelphia and Erie and 
the Buffalo, Pittsburg and Western Railroads. 



COOPERSTOWIV. 



This popular resort is the county seat of Otsego county, and is situ- 
ated at the south end of Otsego lake. It is one of the literary Meccns 
of America, for here was the home of J. Fenimore Cooper, and in these 
scenes he wrote those wonderful American stories which the English- 
reading world have placed on a level of popularity with the undying 
fictions of Walter Scott. In his " Deerslayer " he thus describes the 
lake and surrounding hills : '' On a level with the point lay a l)road 
sheet of water, so placid and limpid that it resembled a bed of the pure 
mountain atmosphere compressed into a setting of hills and woods. 



280 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



At its northern end it was bounded by an isolated mountain ; lower 
land falling off east and west, gracefully relieving the sweep of the , 
outline ; still the character of the country was mountainous, high hills 
or low mountains rising abruptly from the water on quite nine-tenths 
of its circuit. But the most striking peculiarities of the scene were its 
solemn solitude and sweet repose. On all sides, wherever the eye 
turned, nothing met it but the mirror-like surface of the lake and the 
dense setting of woods. So rich and fleecy were the outlines of the 
forest that the whole visible earth, from the rounded mountain-top to 
the water's edge, presented one unvaried hue of unbroken verdure." 
A late guide-book says : " The same points still exist which ' Leather- 
Stocking' saw. There is the same beauty of verdure along the hills, 
and the sun still glints as brightly as then the ripples of the clear 
water." The whole region is full of interest because of the creations 
of Cooper's genius, and his romances have a new zest and beauty when 
read amid the scenes that inspired them. The surroundings of the lake 
are all beautiful, and the entire region is attractive. In close proxim- 
ity to Cooperstown are several favorite resorts, accessible by a small 
steamer running on the lake, which is widely famed for its bass and 
pickerel fishing. 



HAVANA GLEN 



Is one of the remarkable freaks of nature clustered in the vicinity of 
Seneca lake, and fairly rivals Watkins Glen in attractiveness and mys- 
terious beauty. Formed by the same powers, and finished by similar 
elemental action, the features of this glen resemble while they vary in 
detail widely from those of its better-known neighbor. Every visitor 
should see them both, so that a clear comprehension can be had of the 
power that works unseen and leaves monuments that humanity can not 
rival. Good accommodations are now provided at Havana Glen, and it 
is open to visitors in all its extent. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 281 



LAKE GEOKGE (CALDWELL'S). 

Few, if any, among the numerous picturesque lakes in America are 
more beauliliil or more celebrated than this, which lies between the 
counties of Washington and Warren. It is 36 miles long, varies 
in breadth from three-quarters of a mile to 4 miles, and in many 
places is 400 feet in depth. It is in the midst of mountains, and 
popular belief credits it with ishinds equal in number to the days 
of the year. History, as well as tradition, lingers around it, marking 
many spots Avith more than ordinary interest. Not the least among 
these are the ruins of Fort AVilliam Henry and Fort George. The lake 
has had many names conferred upon it, both by Indians and white 
men. The former generally called it Lake Horicon ; the French named 
it Le lac du St. Sacrament, and were in the habit of carrying its 
remarkably i)ure water many miles for baptismal purposes. Sir Wil- 
liam Johnson, prompted by his loyalty, named it Lake George, after 
one of the Georges of Great Britain, and the title has been permitted 
to remain as its designation, although it can not justly be considered 
appropriate or elegant. A writer, describing the many attractions of 
the lake, says : — " It has something of interest for cA^ery one — the 
loA'er of history, of romance, of beauty, and lovers generally." 



LAKE MOHONK, 

In Ulster county, is situated 6 miles from New Paltz, a station on the 
Wallkill Valley Railway, and is on one of the highest ridges of the Sha- 
wangunk mountains, 1243 feet above the Hudson river. It is three- 
quarters of a mile long, very deep, and filled with fish, Avhile its shores 
are formed by great piles of quartz rock, and Paltz Point looms boldly 
over the quiet waters. This place is rich in rare things of romantic 
beauty, and wooded, picturesque loveliness, and is becoming a great sum- 
mer resort. The neighborhood of the lake supplies many objects of 
interest, among which are Sky Top Peak, 300 feet higher than the lake. 



282 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



and commanding a fine view, including the populous^Wallkill and Esopus 
valleys, the ridges of the Shawangunk, the Hudson highlands, and the 
Berkshire hills. Eagle Rock, Sunset Rock, Balance Rock, and the 
Labyrinth are favorite resorts near the lake. Five and a half miles 
from Lake Mohonk are the High Falls, on the Rondout creek. 




CHARLIEB INSTITUTE, CENTKAL TAKK. NEW VOKK CITY. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 283 



NIAGARA FALLS. 

r 

This is a world's wonder that can not be described. Its dimensions 
may be given — its height and breadth and volume can be told — but 
still much is lacking. Words can not convey any satisfactory idea of 
its stupendousness — its awfulness. To look at the ceaseless rush of 
waters — to listen to their majestic voice — to feel the earth tremble be- 
neath their power — makes one wish that the Psalmist had seen it when 
he wrote that " the heavens declare the glory of God, the firmament 
showeth his work," for here the earth also evidences his greatness. 
Charles Dickens, when he first visited America, felt himself unable to 
describe the scene, and only succeeded in eloquently sketching his 
emotions. " When we were seated in the little ferry-boat," he says, 
" and were crossing the swollen river immediately before both cataracts, 
I began to feel what it was ; but I was in a manner stunned, and un- 
able to comprehend the vastness of the scene. It was not until I came 
on Table Rock and looked — great heavens ! on what a fall of bright 
green water — that it came upon me in its full might and majesty. * * * 
Niagara was at once stamped upon my heart, an image of beauty, to 
remain there changeless and indelible until its pulses cease to beat for- 
ever. * * * I think in every quiet season now, still do those waters 
roll and leap and roll and tumble all day long ; still are the rainbows 
spanning them a hundred feet below ; still, when the sun is on them, 
do they shine and glow like molten gold ; still, when the day is gloomy, 
do they fall like snow, or seem to crumble away like the front of a great 
chalk-cliff, or roll down the rock like dense white smoke. But always 
does the mighty stream appear to die as it comes down, and always 
from the unfathomable grave arises that tremendous ghost of spray and 
mist which is never laid, which has haunted this place with the same 
dread solemnity since darkness brooded on the deep, and that first flood 
before the deluge — light — came rushing on creation at the Word of 
God." Every intelligent traveler must see Niagara for himself, and to 
each it conveys its own description. Useful as guide and hand books 





NIAGARA FALLS, 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 285 



may be, they are insignificant in their teachings beside " the voice of the 
Great Creator that dwells in its mighty tone." 

The Falls of Niagara were first seen by a white man over two hun- 
dred years ago. Father Hennepin, a French Jesuit missionary, first 
saw them when on an expedition of discovery in the year 1678. 

The spots of interest to be visited, besides the great Fall itself, are 
the ground where the memorable battle of Lundy's Lane was fought ; 
the Whirlpool below the Falls ; the Suspension Bridges ; the Devil's 
Hole and the Bloody Run ; the Queenstown Heights, General Brock's 
Monument, Burning Spring, &c. 

Cast-iron Bridge over the Rapids. — This is the finest point of view 
from which to observe the Rapids above the Falls. The fall of the 
river from the head of the rapids (a mile above the Falls) to the edge 
of the precipice is nearly 60 feet. 

At the other end of the bridge is Bath Island, connected with Iris 
or Goat Island by another bridge ; and beyond Goat Island there are a 
few scattered rocks, which are connected with it by means of a third 
bridge. These rocks lie on the very brink of the precipice, between 
the American Falls and the Horseshoe Falls. 

The American Fall is 164 feet in perpendicular height, and 660 feet 
wide from the mainland to Luna Island. The smaller fall, between 
Luna and Goat Island, is 100 feet wide. 

Ferry House. — Near here there is a curious inclined plane, down 
which cars descend (which are worked by means of a water-wheel and 
a rope) to the foot of American Falls. 

Crossing in the ferry-boat, the Falls from this point of view are seen 
to great advantage. Reaching the Canada side, carriages are ready to 
convey persons to Table Rock, little more than a mile distant. Clifton 
House, not far from the landing, and several other objects of interest, 
claim attention. 

Table Rock is no longer the extensive platform that it once was, 
large portions of it having fallen from time to time. It overhangs the 
terrible caldron close to the Horseshoe Fall, and the view from it, a?^ 



286 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



already described, is most sublime. In 1818 a mass of rock 160 feet 
long and 40 feet wide broke off and fell into the boiling flood ; and in 
1828 three immense masses fell with a shock like an earthquake. 
Again, in 1829, another fragment fell, and in 1850 a j^ortion of about 
200 feet in lengfh and 100 feet thick. On one of those occasions some 
forty or fifty persons had been standing on the rock a few minutes 
before it fell ! The work of demolition still goes on, for another por- 
tion of Table Rock fell in 1857. In 1867, a large crack or seam 
having formed around it near the road, it was deemed unsafe, and the 
Canadian Government caused it to be blasted away; and now all that 
remains of the once famous Table Rock is a huge mass of rock at the 
edge of the river below the bank. 

The Horseshoe Fall. — The view^ here is grand in an awful degree. 
The precipice of the Horseshoe Falls rises perpendicularly to a height 
of 90 feet, and the cliff descends about 70 feet into a turmoil of burst- 
ing foam. The width of the Horseshoe Fall is 600 yards, and its height 
158 feet. In front is the liquid curtain which, though ever passing 
onward, never unveils this wildest of Nature's caverns. 



RICHFIELD SPRINGS. 

These springs, long and favorably known, are in Otsego county, 
New York, in the vicinity of . Cooperstown, and 7 miles distant 
from Otsego lake, which is one of the sources of the Susquehanna. 
The great river of Pennsylvania here extends his arms and entwines 
his fingers with the tributaries of the Mohawk, as if to divert that 
gentle river from its allegiance to the Hudson. The village of 
Richfield Springs is situated upon a narrow plain, near the head of 
Schuyler lake, which is 5 miles in length and a mile and a quarter 
at its gi'eatest breadth. The little lake is surrounded with high hills 
on every side, except the northward, and being but a mile from the 
.springs, forms the principal attraction for visitors. According to 



STATE OF NEW YOUK. 289 



tradition, the waters of these springs were sought for their medicinal 
virtues by the Indian long before the advent of the white man. A 
healing prophet of the Iroquois dwelt on an island in the midst of 
the lake, and the suffering came to him to be cured by the waters 
he secured at night and conveyed secretly to his retreat ; but the 
Great Spirit became angered at his pride, and sank him and his islands 
beneath the deep waters. 



SARATOGA SPRINGS. 

This world-fjimed resort is in Saratoga county, about 38 miles 
north of Albany, and is said to have been visited by invalids as 
early as 1773, but the principal spring was not discovered until 1792. 
The springs rise in a stratum of Potsdam sandstone, near a great 
break or fissure in the strata underlying the Saratoga valley, and 
reach the surface through a bed of blue clay. The waters are found 
very beneficial in affections of the liver, in some cases of chronic 
dyspepsia, and in chronic diseases of the bowels. Besides other qual- 
ities, they appear to possess the virtues of a tonic united with those 
of a gentle cathartic. Most of the springs are now owned by stock- 
companies, one of which has a stock capital of $1,000,000. Great 
quantities of the wafers are bottled and exported, and there is 
scarcely a town of any size in America in which they are not regu- 
larly sold. The process of boring artesian wells has been success- 
fully introduced, and some of the most valuable of the new sources 
of water supply have recently been discovered in this way. 

Like " Newport by the sea," Saratoga is often called " the Queen 
of American watering places," and this dual sovereignty is generally 
acknowledged. The hotel system of Saratoga is unrivaled elsewhere 
in the world ; and although equal to the accommodation of 18,000 
guests, it is taxed to its utmost capacity in the month of August 
(the season opens early in June). Broadway, the main street, 
extends for several miles, with the chief hotels near its centre and 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 291 



a succession of costly villas beyond. The village is at its brightest 
in August, when it is thronged with visitors, and thousands of private 
and public carriages join in the parade of fashion on Broadway and 
the Boulevard. During the "height of the season" the crowds to 
be seen in all public places — the brilliant balls at the grand hotels, 
the music of excellent bands, and the many other excitements 
always prevailing — make up a scene probably unequaled in the 
world. The drives and promenades in the vicinity are justly cele- 
brated for their pleasant beauty. Saratoga lake, 9 miles in length 
and some 3 wide, is about 4 miles from the village, and is reached by 
the Boulevard, which passes near the race-course and trout-ponds. 

The battle of Saratoga was fought here between the British, under 
General Burgoyne, and the Americans, under General Gates, com- 
mencing on the 7th of October, 1777, and terminating on the 16th, 
by the surrender of the entire British force, numbering 5791 men, 
with 42 cannon and all their stores. The prisoners thus taken 
were held until the close of the war — more than five years. 



SHAROIV SPRINGS. 

This fiivorite resort is in Schoharie county, New York. The 
village is delightfully located " in a valley on a hill," and is sur- 
sounded by attractive scenery, through which are lovely drives and 
promenades. Sulphur, magnesia, and chalybeate springs gush out 
within a few rods of each other, and their healing virtues have been 
known for more than half a century — particularly for their effect in 
cutaneous disorders. From the village, which is 900 feet above 
the Mohawk valley, a grand and beautiful prospect opens to the north 
and east, embracing hills, woods, villages, and streams like silver 
threads, closely resembling a gorgeous piece of tapestr3^ Within 
€asy distance is Tokeharawa Falls, caused by a small brook precipita- 
ting itself over a wall of rock, in a secluded hemlock ravine, a dis- 
tance of 150 feet; and 20 miles away, by railroad, is Howe's Cave. 



292 STATE OF XEW YORK. 



SHELTER ISLAND. 

A FAVORITE Long Island watering-place, situated between Great 
Peconic and Gardiner's hsijs, and a well-known rendezvous of the 
yachting squadrons in midsummer. It is half a mile from the Green- 
port terminus of the Long Island Railroad, and is one of the most 
picturesque and beautiful places on the coast. The fishing and bathing 
are excellent ; and the sailing, of the kind that is easily accessible 
to the general public, is not to be surpassed in the variety of its 
interest. The hotel accommodations are good, and of a kind to suit 
different dispositions and purses. 



TRENTON FALLS. 



Trenton Falls are situated on West Canada creek, an affluent 
of the Mohawk. There are five cascades in the series, and the 
stream flows in the bottom of a romantic ravine, which is bordered 
by walls of Trenton limestone. The attraction of the place is per- 
haps as much in the great depths of this ravine and its crown of 
primeval forest as in its water views. Here is indeed a place where 
it is a luxury to stay — which one oftenest revisits, which one most 
commends to strangers to be sure and see. "' In the long corridor of 
travel between New York and Niagara, Trenton," says Mr. Willis, 
" is a sort of alcove aside — a side-scene, out of earshot of the crowd 
— a recess in a window, whither you draw a friend by the button for 
the sake of chit-chat at ease." 

Trenton Falls is rather a misnomer, for the wonder of nature which 
bears the name is a tremendous torrent, whose bed, for several miles, 
is sunk fathoms deep into the earth ; a roaring and dashing stream,, 
so far below the surface of the forest, in which it is lost, that one 
would think, as he comes suddenly upon the edge of this long preci- 




AMERICAN' TRACT SOCIETY, PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, NEW YORK CITY'. 




HIGHLANDS OF THE HUDSON. 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 295 

pice, that it was a river in some inner world (coiled within ours, as we 
in the outer circle of the firmament), and laid open by some Titanic 
throe that has cracked clear asunder the crust of this " shallow earth." 
The idea is rather assisted, if we happen to see below us, on its abys- 
mal shore, a party of adventurous travelers ; for, at that vast depth, 
and in contrast with the gigantic trees and rocks, the same number of 
well-shaped ants, dressed in the last fashion, and philandering upon 
our parlor floor, would be of about their apparent size and distinctness. 
Every facility of path and stairway and guide for the tour of the 
ravine has been provided, and the passage, though at first of dan- 
gerous aspect, is made secure by chains well riveted to the rock 
wall. The scene at Trenton varies much, according as the drought 
or freshet dries or fills the stream, and passages are easy enough at 
one time which are utterly impracticable at others. It is difficult 
to say when the glen is most beautiful, whether with much or with 
little water. It is delightfully pleasant and romantically grand at 
all times. 

A writer thus speaks of Trenton Falls : " Many persons who visit 
Niagara from the East make a point of seeing Trenton Falls on their 
return. Could the secret thoughts of these be made known, it is not 
impossible that we might discover a decided preference for the less 
famous place. Our expectations are so wrought up with regard to 
Niagara that when we first see it the feeling uppermost is not 
unfrequently one of disappointment. It is not so with Trenton, 
where we find far more than was expected. And again, the surround- 
ings of the latter place are in every way more pleasant. The 
exchange from the infinite extortions and swindlings of the Niagara 
cormorants to the polished ease and refined hospitality of the Trenton 
Falls Hotel, is one that inevitably puts us into good humor with every- 
thing we see. The immediate advent to the Falls themselves is in 
the close vicinity of the hotel. Leaving a beautiful and extensive 
garden on the right, smiling in all the luxuriance of the fresh summer 
vegetation, we plunge at once into the heart of a forest filled with noble 



296 STATE OF NEW YOBK. 



trees. Suddenly we find ourselves upon the brink of a great chasm 
whose very existence has been hidden from us. Across upon the 
opposite side is a rock-wall of limestone, hard, and nearly black, that 
rises almost perpendicularly to a height varying from 200. to 300 feet. 
This is crowned with great hemlocks ; with fine birch, whose white 
trunks glimmer through the forest obscurity ; and with cedars, many 
of which, from the yielding of the roots, are bent down at a most 
perilous angle, and hang over the abyss, nodding to their own expected 
and imminent fall, when the wind strikes among their outstretched 
branches. Down below the eye drops instinctively, as if to see what 
would become of them, and catches a glimpse of the Kanata river 
rushing through its rocky bed in a tumultuous torrent. Here the 
first descent is made b}^ a series of wooden stairs. We look up and 
see the blue, brilliant sky, across which the cedars hang in dark lines. 
We look ahead and see the first of the series of falls, known as 
Sherman Fall. Here the river has formed an immense excaA^ation, 
and falls some 40 feet into its bed below with a furious roaring. The 
water is a rich brown, which, touched here and there by slanting 
sun rays, presents the hues of molten gold. Above this fall the 
Kanata boils in a succession of most furious rapids, on which the 
sunlight falls with most delicious effect. Suddenly we find ourselves 
in the presence of the great fall. This fall is duplex ; the first a 
descent of 40 feet, broken into a succession of rocky stairway. 
Passing this we see the second in its full beauty. The water here 
rushes over a ledge of rocks, which stretches from bank to bank, 
with a full height of 75 feet. Gazing steadily upon it and letting 
its beauties infiltrate slowly into the mind, we realize how bold is the 
leap. Immense clouds of spray rise up from the boiling, seething, 
twisting, tormented flood below. The great chasm is full of it. 
Turning ungrateful backs upon the glorious topaz flow, we gaze 
down the gorge lost in admiration. Two hundred yards from the 
great fall is another, called the Mill-Dam, from its regularity and 
sombreness of demeanor. From this the path along the smooth, even 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 299 



limestone rock becomes broader until it opens out upon the Alham- 
bra Fall, a place which has been the despair of artists and 
descriptive writers." 



TRENTON FALLS. 

By Fanny Kemble. 



Come down ! from where the everlasting hills 

Open their rocky gates to let thee pass, 
Child of a thousand rapid running rills 

And still lakes, where the skies their beauty glass. 

With thy dark eyes, white feet, and amber hair, 

Of heaven and earth thou fair and fearful daughter, 

Through thy wide halls, and down thy echoing stair. 
Rejoicing come— thou lovely "Leaping Water!" 

Shout! till the roads beneath their vaults of green 
Resound, and shake their pillars on the way ; 

Fling wide thy glittering fringe of silver sheen 

And toss toward heaven thy clouds of dazzling spray. 

The sun looks down upon thee with delight. 
And weaves his prism around thee for a belt ; 

And as the wind waves thy thin robes of light. 
The jewels of thy girdle glow and melt. 

Ah ! where be they, who first with human eyes 
Beheld thy glory, thou triumphant flood ; 

And through the forest, heard with glad surprise 
Thy waters calling, like the voice of God ? 

Far toward the setting sun, wandering they go. 
Poor remnant! left from exile and from slaughter; 

But still their memory, mingling with thy flow. 

Lives in thy name— thou lovely " Leaping Water 1 " 



300 STATE OF NEW YORK. 



AA ATKINS GLEX. 

The countiy in the neighborhood of Watkins, New York, is noted 
for wonderful freaks of nature in the form of canyons or gorges, the most 
remarkable of which is known as Watkins Glen. It is situated at the 
head of Seneca lake, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the 
world, excursions upon which, in addition to the attractions of the Glen, 
have made this one of the most popular resorts in the country. 

The Glen is several miles in length, but consists properly of a num- 
ber of glens or sections which have been given distinctive names, and 
which form a series of rocky arcades, galleries, and grottoes. A limpid 
stream of purest mountain water flows through the Glen, having a 
fall from first to last of 800 feet, which is a constant succession 
of beautiful cascades and rapids. Of these, Rainbow Falls is perhaps 
the most interesting feature. " With the bright sheen of a summer day 
playing in the rising mists, the scene is frequently clothed in rainbow 
tints, but nowhere with such brilliant hues or perfect arch as at Rain- 
bow Falls ; and the hour of four on every afternoon finds a crowd of 
guests worshiping at its shrine fiir in the depths of Watkins Glen." 
Of the many remarkable chambers, the Cathedral is perhaps the most 
imposing. This is an immense amphitheatre, with walls of solid rock 
rising to the perpendicular height of 300 feet, while the forest trees 
with which the top is fringed stretch their arms fiir over the yawn- 
ing gulf. Into this mighty chasm the waters spring with a frightful 
leap, bathing its sides with feathery spray, then quietly spreading over 
the rocky floor. Trees of primeval growth, hardy shrubs, and luxuriant 
vines cling with wild forms of beauty from the interstices of the rock, 
reflecting their rich foliage in the emerald pools beneath, while far 
above is seen the bright blue sky ; and at times the rich sunlight, re- 
flecting from clift' to clift', clothes all with a soft mellow glow. It was 
the remark of so experienced a traveler as Bayard Taylor, that he had 
never met with scenery more beautiful and romantic than that em- 
braced in this wonderful Glen. 




FIFTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCTT, NEW YORK CITY. 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RAILROADS 



State of New York 



Adirondack. 

Albauy, Sand Lake & Stepheutowu. 
Albany & Susquehanna. 
Albany & Vermont. 
Atlantic & Great Western, 
Avon, Geueseo & Mount Morris. 
Bath & Hammondsport. 
Black River & Morristown. 
Black River & St. Lawrence. 
Boston & Albany. 
Boston, Hoosac Tunnel & Western. 
Brooklyn, Bath & Coney Island. 
Brooklyn. Flatbush & Coney Island. 
Brooklyn & Jamaica. 
Brooklyn & Rockaway Beach. 
Buffalo, Bradford & Pittsburgh. 
Buffalo, Chautauqua Lake & Pittsburgh. 
Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburgh. 
Buffalo Creek. 
Buffalo, New York & Erie. 
Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia. 
Buffalo & Southwestern. 
Carthage, Watertown & Sackett's Har- 
bor. 
Cayuga Northern. 
Cayuga Southern. 
Cayuga & Susquehanna. 
Cazenovia, Canastota & De Ruyter. 
Central Valley. 
Central Vermont. 
Chateaugay. 
Chautauqua Lake. 
Chemung. 

Cherry Valley, Sharon & Albany. 
Clayton & Theresa. 
Clove Branch. 
Connecticut Western. 
C(Joperstown & Susquehanna Valley. 
Corning. Cowanesque& Antrim. 



Crown Point. 
Dannemora. 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western. 
Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. 
Delhi & Middletown. 
Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pitts- 
burgh. 
Dutchess and Columbia. 
Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua. 
Elmira State Line. 
Elmira & Williamsport. 
Erie. 

Erie & Genesee Valley. 
Flushing, North Shore & Central. 
Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville. 
Geneva, Ithaca & Athens. 
Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre. 
Geneva & Lyons. 
Glen Falls. 

Gloversville & Northville. 
Goshen & Deckertown. 
Greene. 

Greenwich & Johnsonville. 
Harlem Extension R. R. South. 
Harlem River & Port Chester. 
Ithaca, Auburn & Western. 
Jersey City & Albany. 
Junction — (Buffalo). 
King's County Central. 
Lackawanna & Susquehanna. 
Lake Champlain & Mori ah. 
Lake Ontario Shore. 
Lake Ontario Southern. 
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. 
Lebanon Springs. 
Lehigh Valley. 
Lockport & Buffalo. 
Long Island. 
Marine. 



(303) 



304 



STATE OF NEW YORK. 



Middleburg & Schoharie, 

Middletown & Crawford. 

Middletown, Uuionville & Water Gap. 

Midland of New Jersey. 

Mont Clair & Greenwood Lake. 

Montgomery & Erie. 

Nanuet & New City. 

Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut. 

Newburgh & New York. 

New Jersey Midland. 

New Jersey & New York. 

Newtown & Flushing. 

New York, Bay Ridge & Jamaica. 

New York, Boston & Montreal. 

New York Central, Niagara River. 

New York Central & Hudson River. 

New York City & Northern. 

New York, Kingston & Syracuse. 

New York, Lake Erie & Western. 

New York, New Haven & Hartford. 

New York, Ontario & Western. 

New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio. 

New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway. 

New York & Canada. 

New York & Flushing. 

New York & Greenwood Lake. 

New York & Harlem. 

New York & Mahopac. 

New York & Manhattan Beach. 

New York & Oswego Midland. 

New York & Rockaway. 

Niagara Bridge & Canandaigua. 

Northern Central. 

Northern of New Jersey. 

Nyack & Northern. 

Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain. 

Ogdensburg & Morristowu. 

Olean, Bradford & Warren. 

Ontario Southern. 

Oswego & Rome. 

Oswego & Syracuse. 

Pennsylvania & New York Canal & R. R. 

Pittsburgh, Titusville & Buffalo. 

Port Jervis & Monticello. 

Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston. 



Poughkeepsie & Eastern. 

Prospect Park & Coney Island. 

Rensselaer & Saratoga. 

Rhinebeck & Connecticut. 

Rochester and Genesee Valley. 

Rochester & Lake Ontario. 

Rochester & Pine Creek. 

Rochester and Pittsburgh. 

Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg. 

Rome & Clinton. 

Schenectady & Duanesburg. 

Schoharie Valley. 

Silver Lake. 

Skaneateles. 

Sraithtown & Port Jefferson. 

Sodus Point & Southern. 

Southern Central. 

Southern of Long Island. 

Springville & Sardinia. 

Spuyten Duyvil & Port Morris. 

Staten Island. 

Sterling Mountain. 

Stewart. 

Suspension Bridge & Erie Junction. 

Syracuse, Binghamton & New York. 

Syracuse, Chenango & New York. 

Syracuse, Geneva & Corning. 

Syracuse Junction. 

Syracuse Northern. 

Tioga. 

Tioga & Elmira State Line. 

Tonawanda Valley. 

Troy it Bennington. 

Troy & Boston. 

Troy & Greenbush. 

Ulster & Delaware. 

Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley. 

Uticu, Clinton &. Binghamton. 

Utica & Black River. 

Utica, Ithaca & Elmira. 

Valley. 

Wallkill Valley. 

Warwick Valley. 

Waver Iv & State Line. 




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